Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in commercial chilli and chilli sauce samples

Iqbal, Shahzad Zafar; Asi, Muhammad Rafique; Zuber, Mohammad; Akhtar, Javed; Saif, Muhammad Jawwad

doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.09.003

Cited by 67 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…To our knowledge, all the studies about the OTA content in chili samples used IAC as a standard for clean-up [12,26,58,59]. LOD and LOQ obtained with all clean-up methods tested were higher than the previously tested matrices.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

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Comparison of Clean-Up Methods for Ochratoxin A on Wine, Beer, Roasted Coffee and Chili Commercialized in Italy

Prelle

Spadaro

Denca

et al. 2013

Toxins

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The most common technique used to detect ochratoxin A (OTA) in food matrices is based on extraction, clean-up, and chromatography detection. Different clean-up cartridges, such as immunoaffinity columns (IAC), molecular imprinting polymers (MIP), Mycosep™ 229, Mycospin™, and Oasis® HLB (Hydrophilic Lipophilic balance) as solid phase extraction were tested to optimize the purification for red wine, beer, roasted coffee and chili. Recovery, reproducibility, reproducibility, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated for each clean-up method. IAC demonstrated to be suitable for OTA analysis in wine and beer with recovery rate >90%, as well as Mycosep™ for wine and chili. On the contrary, MIP columns were the most appropriate to clean up coffee. A total of 120 samples (30 wines, 30 beers, 30 roasted coffee, 30 chili) marketed in Italy were analyzed, by applying the developed clean-up methods. Twenty-seven out of 120 samples analyzed (22.7%: two wines, five beers, eight coffees, and 12 chili) resulted positive to OTA. A higher incidence of OTA was found in chili (40.0%) more than wine (6.6%), beers (16.6%) and coffee (26.6%). Moreover, OTA concentration in chili was the highest detected, reaching 47.8 µg/kg. Furthermore, three samples (2.5%), two wines and one chili, exceeded the European threshold.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Most studies focused on IAC as clean-up procedure [37,57], while only two studies used Mycosep™ [58] and MIP cartridges [51]. Based on the results obtained by recovery rate values, LOD, and LOQ, MIP columns resulted to be the best clean-up method able to purify the coffee matrix and reduce the matrix interference (Table 3).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Clean-Up Methods for Ochratoxin A on Wine, Beer, Roasted Coffee and Chili Commercialized in Italy

Prelle

Spadaro

Denca

et al. 2013

Toxins

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“…A significant proportion of food and food products worldwide is affected by mycotoxins (fungal secondary metabolites) each year [1]. Among these mycotoxins, aflatoxins (AFs) are the most toxic compounds.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Higher Levels of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Poorer Composition of Milk Supplied by Informal Milk Marketing Chains in Pakistan

Aslam

Tipu

İshaq

et al. 2016

Toxins

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The present study was conducted to observe the seasonal variation in aflatoxin M1 and nutritional quality of milk along informal marketing chains. Milk samples (485) were collected from three different chains over a period of one year. The average concentrations of aflatoxin M1 during the autumn and monsoon seasons (2.60 and 2.59 ppb) were found to be significantly higher (standard error of the difference, SED = 0.21: p = 0.003) than in the summer (1.93 ppb). The percentage of added water in milk was significantly lower (SED = 1.54: p < 0.001) in summer (18.59%) than in the monsoon season (26.39%). There was a significantly different (SED = 2.38: p < 0.001) mean percentage of water added by farmers (6.23%), small collectors (14.97%), large collectors (27.96%) and retailers (34.52%). This was reflected in changes in milk quality along the marketing chain. There was no difference (p = 0.178) in concentration of aflatoxin M1 in milk collected from the farmers (2.12 ppb), small collectors (2.23 ppb), large collectors (2.36 ppb) and retailers (2.58 ppb). The high levels of contamination found in this study, which exceed the standards set by European Union (0.05 ppb) and USFDA (0.5 ppb), demand radical intervention by regulatory authorities and mass awareness of the consequences for consumer health and safety.

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“…Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus ochraceus in the warm and the tropical countries and by Penicillium verrucosum in temperate climates (Santos et al, 2010;Iqbal et al, 2013). OTA has classified by IARC as group 2B carcinogen, probable human carcinogen (IARC, 2002) and can contaminate several agriculture crops, especially grains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Papaya fruits extracts enhance the antioxidant capacity and modulate the genotoxicity and oxidative stress in the kidney of rats fed ochratoxin A-contaminated diet

2017

J App Pharm Sci

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Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin widespread contaminates food and has potent nephrotoxicity. The present study aimed to determine total phenolics and DPPH radical scavenging activity for water and ethanolic extracts (WE and EE) of papaya fruits and evaluation of the protective role of these extracts against OTA-induced oxidative damage and nephrotoxicity in rats. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups and treated for 21 days as follow: the control group, OTA-treated group (3 mg/kg diet), WE or EE extracts treated groups (250 mg/kg b.w) and OTA plus WE or EE-treated groups. Blood and kidney samples were collected for different biochemical, cytogenetical and histological analyses. The results showed that WE and EE contained 408.54 and 296.85 g/kg total phenolic, respectively and DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in WE than EE. Animals fed OTA-contaminated diet showed signs of toxicity as indicated by the significant decrease in body weight gain and food intake, the disturbances in kidney biochemical indices, increase DNA fragmentation and oxidative stress markers, the decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities and gene expression as well as severe histological and histochemical changes in the kidney tissues. Both extracts succeeded to counteract these alterations and WE was more effective than EE. These results concluded that papaya fruits extracts succeeded to a great extant to counteract the oxidative stress of OTA and to protect the kidney against its toxic effects and may be promising candidate as food supplement for the protection against OTA in high endemic area.

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Natural occurrence of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in commercial chilli and chilli sauce samples

Cited by 67 publications

References 24 publications

Comparison of Clean-Up Methods for Ochratoxin A on Wine, Beer, Roasted Coffee and Chili Commercialized in Italy

Comparison of Clean-Up Methods for Ochratoxin A on Wine, Beer, Roasted Coffee and Chili Commercialized in Italy

Higher Levels of Aflatoxin M1 Contamination and Poorer Composition of Milk Supplied by Informal Milk Marketing Chains in Pakistan

Papaya fruits extracts enhance the antioxidant capacity and modulate the genotoxicity and oxidative stress in the kidney of rats fed ochratoxin A-contaminated diet

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