Natural Overwintering Hosts of the Virus of Western Equine Encephalitis

Lp, Gebhardt; Gj, Stanton; Dw, Hill; Gc, Collett

doi:10.1056/nejm196407232710402

Cited by 39 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In temperate climates, the transmission cycle may be maintained through the year, but in less mild climates WEE may either overwinter in unidentified hosts or be reintroduced annually through passerine bird. Isolates of WEE have been obtained from some amphibious species, garter snakes and leopard frogs, indicating that WEE may be able to overwinter in such hosts (Burton, et al, 1966;Gebhardt, et al, 1966;Gebhardt, et al, 1964). Transovarial transmission of the virus in mosquitoes has also been proposed as an overwintering mechanism.…”

Section: Transmission Cycles and Geographic Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitic Development in Alphaviral Infection

Paessler¹,

Taylor²

2011

Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis

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Section: Transmission Cycles and Geographic Rangementioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitic Development in Alphaviral Infection

Paessler¹,

Taylor²

2011

Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis

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“…Certain arthropod-borne viruses in the USA are known to infect snakes [8] and there are several viruses (Ebola, Marburg) whose natural origin is unknown and might well be in this category. Certain groups of viruses can infect a wide variety of species; for instance different Birnaviruses infect insects, molluscs, fish and chickens.…”

Section: Origin From Mammals Birds Arthropodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The origin of major human infections and the crucial role of person-to-person spread

Mims

1991

Epidemiol. Infect.

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In discussions of the origin of new infectious diseases, prominence is usually given to dramatic infections acquired from animals (Lassa fever, Marburg and Ebola viruses) or from the environment (legionellosis). But these infections do not spread from human to human, and their impact on mankind can never be catastrophic. If a new infectious agent is to pose a major threat to the human species, it will need to kill tens or hundreds of millions of people over a short period of time (a few years), before vaccines and antimicrobial agents can be developed or effective blocks to transmission established. The 1918 influenza pandemic (total deaths about 20 million) almost came into this world-shaking category, but many of the deaths were presumably due to secondary bacterial pneumonia and this was the pre-antibiotic era. A similar airborne pandemic occurring today could spread globally within weeks by air transport and would have a greater impact. Smallpox arose long before the world became one from an infectious disease point of view, and although it caused devastating epidemics it did not have the opportunity to develop into the ‘major threat’ category. A significant proportion of people recovered, less virulent strains of virus (variola minor) appeared, and an effective vaccine not only kept it under control in many continents but finally eliminated it from the world. The plague (Yersinia pestis) influenced the course of history in Asia and Europe [1] but oven in its respiratory form could not in those days be transferred rapidly from continent to continent.

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“…The first evidence that snakes could be infected with WEE virus was presented by Rosenbusch at the Sixth Pacific Science Congress, 1939. Thomas, et al (1959Thomas, et al ( , 1960Thomas, et al ( , 1962 and Gebhardt, et al (1959Gebhardt, et al ( , 1960Gebhardt, et al ( , 1964 demonstrated that Western equine encephalitis virus (WEE) could be maintained in garter snakes during hibernation for from 70 to 160 days or more, and one naturally infected snake harbored the virus at least 10 months at room temperature.…”

Section: Arthropod-borne Viruses and Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been shown that infective Culex tarsalis mosquitoes are able to transmit virus to snakes and that these mosquitoes themselves become infected after taking a blood meal from a viremic snake (Thomas, et al, 1962;Gebhardt, et al, 1964).…”

Section: Arthropod-borne Viruses and Birdsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Session 1. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

1967

JJMSB

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Natural Overwintering Hosts of the Virus of Western Equine Encephalitis

Cited by 39 publications

References 9 publications

Encephalitic Development in Alphaviral Infection

Encephalitic Development in Alphaviral Infection

The origin of major human infections and the crucial role of person-to-person spread

Session 1. Mosquito-Borne Viruses

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