Natural Paratuberculosis Infection in Rabbits in Scotland

Beard, Philippa M.; Rhind, Susan; Buxton, D.; Daniels, M. J.; Henderson, D; Pirie, Antoinette; Rudge, Karen; Greig, Alastair; Hutchings, Michael R.; Stevenson, Karen; Sharp, John M.

doi:10.1053/jcpa.2001.0466

Cited by 70 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The histological findings from our cases (cases 1-4) were identical to findings reported previously on rabbits with PE. In contrast, case 5 showed a macrophage and multinuclear giant cell infiltration that was more in accord with findings from cases of granulomatous enteritis [1,9] and histiocytic enteritis [12]. Granulomatous enteritis in rabbits (caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp.…”

supporting

confidence: 81%

“…Granulomatous enteritis in rabbits (caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis) is characterized by an accumulation of macrophages and multinuclear giant cells in lamina propria, combined with the presence of weak acidfast bacteria [1,9]. The infection in case 5 was histopathologically distinct from this disorder in its lack of bacterial staining with Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast stain [12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Proliferative Enteropathy Involving Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Rabbits (Oryctlagus cuniculus)

Horiuchi

Watarai

Kobayashi

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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ABSTRACT. Five rabbits suffering from diarrhea were diagnosed with proliferative enteropathy (PE). Histopathology revealed a thickened mucosa consisting of hyperplastic intestinal epithelium and infiltration of inflammatory cells mainly consisted of macrophages. In the affected epithelial cytoplasm, numerous curved bacillus-like organisms were observed in the Warthin-Starry silver stain and electron microscopy observation. In polymerase chain reactions, Lawsonia intracellularis-specific DNA fragment were amplified from affected ileal tissue extracted DNA in each case and present 5 cases were confirmed to be L. intracellularis infection. Serum collected from the affected rabbit was immunohistochemically reactive with L. intracellularis in tissue sections from pigs with porcine proliferative enteropathy, as well as with tissue sections from the five affected rabbits. [5,7]. L. intracellularis infection is known to cause proliferative enteropathy (PE) that is characterized by intestinal mucosa thickened with gross material and histopathological evidence of hyperplastic mucosal epithelium [7].Due to its appearance as an intracellular parasite, L. intracellularis was previously referred to as an Intracellular Campylobacter Like Organisms (ICLOs) [7,10,11]. ICLOs infections in pig, hamster, and rabbit have since been confirmed to be L. intracellularis infection [3,7]. In Japan, ICLO infections in rabbit have been reported [12], but until now, no evidence of the presence of L. intracellularis in infected rabbit has been presented. Here we report five field cases of rabbits diagnosed with PE in which L. intracellularis infection is confirmed by amplification of L. intracellularis DNA using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We also demonstrate the successful use of serum obtained from affected rabbit for the immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of L. intracellularis.Four adult rabbits (cases 1-4) housed together in the one field at a wildlife park in the eastern area of mainland Japan developed diarrhea simultaneously. These rabbits were destroyed humanely, and preserved in formalin, and then sent to our laboratory. Case 5 was a 3-month-old female rabbit, housed separately in a conventional cage, which suffered from diarrhea and body weight loss. This rabbit was destroyed humanely and autopsied in our laboratory.Alimentary tract tissue samples, including duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, and colon were collected and routinely fixed (or re-fixed) in 15% neutral-buffered formalin. Samples embedded in paraffin were then cut into 4 mm sections that were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Selected sections were also stained with Gram's (MacCallum-Goodpasture method), Warthin-Starry silver (W-S), and Ziehl-Neelsen (modified Fite method) stains. For ultrastructual study, formalin fixed tissues were cut into 1 mm cubes, fixed in 2.66% glutaraldehyde for 2 hr, post-fixed in 1% osmium tetroxide and then embedded in epoxy resin. Ultra-thin sections, stained doubly with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, were examined using a tra...

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confidence: 81%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Proliferative Enteropathy Involving Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Rabbits (Oryctlagus cuniculus)

Horiuchi

Watarai

Kobayashi

et al. 2008

The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science

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“…However, recent studies have shown that it is present in a number of nonruminant wildlife species, including the fox (Vulpes vulpes), stoat (Mustela erminea), crow (Corvus corone), Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus), and rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) (2,3,13,14). Of these species, the rabbit is thought to pose the greatest risk of interspecies transmission of MAP.…”

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confidence: 99%

Routes of Intraspecies Transmission ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): a Field Study

Judge

Kyriazakis

Greig

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Rabbits have been increasingly linked to the persistence of paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) in domestic ruminants in the United Kingdom. The aims of this study were to determine the routes of intraspecies transmission of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in rabbits and to estimate the probability of transmission via each route, in order to gain understanding of the dynamics of MAP in this host. Rabbits were sampled from two sites where MAP had previously been isolated from the livestock and rabbit populations. No pathology was noted in any animals, but the overall prevalence of MAP in rabbits was high at both sites studied, 39.7% and 23.0%, respectively. MAP was isolated from the testes, uterus, placenta, fetuses, and milk. This is the first time that the bacterium has been isolated from any of these tissues in a nonruminant wildlife species. These results suggest that transmission may occur vertically, pseudovertically, and horizontally. Vertical, i.e., transplacental, and/or pseudo-vertical, i.e., through the ingestion of contaminated milk and/or feces, transmission occurred in 14% of offspring entering the population at 1 month of age. As infection via these routes is only possible from infected adult females, this equates to a probability of infection via this route of 0.326. Probability of infection via horizontal transmission (including interspecies transmission) occurred at up to 0.037 per month. The presence of these routes of transmission within natural rabbit populations will contribute to the maintenance of MAP infections within such populations and, therefore, the environment.

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“…Cervids and other wild ruminants have frequently been identified as MAP hosts, and high prevalence along with clinical disease was reported in some cases (Balseiro et al 2008), but not in others (Carta et al in press). In Scotland, wild rabbits have been identified as true wildlife MAP reservoirs too (Beard et al 2001), and a similar status may locally apply in Spain (Maio et al in press).…”

Section: Mycobacterial Diseases In European Wildlifementioning

confidence: 99%

Six recommendations for improving monitoring of diseases shared with wildlife: examples regarding mycobacterial infections in Spain

et al. 2011

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Monitoring is needed to identify changes in disease occurrence and to measure the impact of intervention. Using mycobacterial diseases as an example, we discuss herein the pros and cons of the current Spanish Wildlife Disease Surveillance Scheme providing suggestions for monitoring relevant diseases shared with wildlife in other regions facing similar challenges. Six points should be considered. This includes: (1) making sure the disease is properly monitored in the relevant domestic animals or even in humans; (2) also making sure that background information on wildlife population ecology is available to maximize the benefits of the monitoring effort; (3) selecting the appropriate wildlife hosts for monitoring, while being flexible enough to incorporate new ones if research suggests their participation; (4) selecting the appropriate methods for diagnosis and for time and space trend analysis; (5) deciding which parameters to target for monitoring; and finally (6) establishing a reasonable sampling effort and a suitable sampling stratification to ensure detecting changes over time and changes in response to management actions. Wildlife disease monitoring produces knowledge that benefits at least three different agencies, namely, animal health, public health and conservation, and these should combine efforts and resources. Setting up stable, comprehensive and accurate schemes at different spatial scales should become a priority. Resources are always a limiting factor, but experience shows that combined, cross-collaborative efforts allow establishing acceptable schemes with a low enough cost to be sustainable over time. These six steps for monitoring relevant shared diseases can be adapted to many other geographical settings and different disease situations.

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Natural Paratuberculosis Infection in Rabbits in Scotland

Cited by 70 publications

References 17 publications

Proliferative Enteropathy Involving Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Rabbits (Oryctlagus cuniculus)

Proliferative Enteropathy Involving Lawsonia intracellularis Infection in Rabbits (Oryctlagus cuniculus)

Routes of Intraspecies Transmission ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisin Rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus): a Field Study

Six recommendations for improving monitoring of diseases shared with wildlife: examples regarding mycobacterial infections in Spain

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