Natural radioactivity in common building construction and radiation shielding materials

Sonkawade, R. G.; Kant, Krishan; Muralithar, S.; Kumar, Rupesh; Ramola, R. C.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.11.037

Cited by 81 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The average radon emissions for gypsum and concrete are 4 Bq/m 2 /h and 8 Bq/m 2 /h, respectively, calculated based on over 300 measurements of these common building materials (Ingersoll, 1983;Mustonen, 1984;Chao and Tung, 1999;Petropoulos et al, 2002;Stoulos et al, 2003;Maged and Ashraf, 2005;de Jong et al, 2006;Kobeissi et al, 2008;Ngachin et al, 2008;Sonkawade et al, 2008). Although the average radon emission rates for these building materials are similar to granite measured in this study (3.9 Bq/m 2 /h) and in the scientific literature (1 Bq/m 2 /h; 15 studies cited in the first paragraph of the Discussion), it is important to consider the mass of material in a home that may be emitting radon.…”

Section: Estimated Indoor Radon Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Radon flux for these stones has been previously reported to range from 0.01 to 13.5 Bq/m 2 /h among B500 samples of structural and unidentified granite building materials obtained from several nations of Africa, Asia, and the Middle East (Khan et al, 1992;Chao and Tung, 1999;El-Dine et al, 2001;al-Jarallah, 2001;al-Jarallah et al, 2001al-Jarallah et al, , 2005Petropoulos et al, 2002;Fazal ur et al, 2003;Stoulos et al, 2003;Sundar et al, 2003;Arafa, 2004;Osmanlioglu, 2006;Singh et al, 2008;Sonkawade et al, 2008). The extent to which the granite samples examined in those studies represent inventories of natural stone countertops has not been evaluated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Assessing exposure to granite countertops—part 2: Radon

Allen¹,

Minegishi²,

Myatt³

et al. 2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Radon gas ( 222 Rn) is a natural constituent of the environment and a risk factor for lung cancer that we are exposed to as a result of radioactive decay of radium ( 226 Ra) in stone and soil. Granite countertops, in particular, have received recent media attention regarding their potential to emit radon. Radon flux was measured on 39 full slabs of granite from 27 different varieties to evaluate the potential for exposure and examine determinants of radon flux. Flux was measured at up to six pre-selected locations on each slab and also at areas identified as potentially enriched after a full-slab scan using a Geiger-Muller detector. Predicted indoor radon concentrations were estimated from the measured radon flux using the CONTAM indoor air quality model. Whole-slab average emissions ranged from less than limit of detection to 79.4 Bq/m 2 /h (median 3.9 Bq/m 2 /h), similar to the range reported in the literature for convenience samples of small granite pieces. Modeled indoor radon concentrations were less than the average outdoor radon concentration (14.8 Bq/m 3 ; 0.4 pCi/l) and average indoor radon concentrations (48 Bq/m 3 ; 1.3 pCi/l) found in the United States. Significant within-slab variability was observed for stones on the higher end of whole slab radon emissions, underscoring the limitations of drawing conclusions from discrete samples.

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Section: Estimated Indoor Radon Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Assessing exposure to granite countertops—part 2: Radon

Allen¹,

Minegishi²,

Myatt³

et al. 2009

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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“…Where: C Ra is the radium content of a given sample, M is the mass of the sample (0.040 kg), h is the distance between the detector and the sample, and T e is the effective exposure time (in hour) which is calculated by Sonkawade et al (2008) as follows:…”

Section: Methods Of Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The radon exhalation rate in terms of area was obtained using the following expression (Sonkawade et al 2008, Thabayneh 2016…”

Section: Methods Of Calculationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Alpha Particles Concentrations from Soil Samples of Al-Najaf/ Iraq

Abojassim¹

2018

pjss

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1Abstract. Soil samples were collected from Al-Najaf governorate, Iraq; these samples were investigated for radon concentrations using CN-85 detector, and for uranium concentrations assessment CN-85 and CR-39 detectors were used. Also, some radiation parameters due to radon concentrations were calculated. Radon concentrations were varied from 506. , respectively. Among others, uranium concentration, using CN-85and CR-39 detectors, were varied from 0.85 mg·kg -1 to 2.0 mg·kg -1 with an average of 1.5±0.13 mg·kg -1 and from 1.16 mg·kg -1 to 2.17 mg·kg -1 with an average of 1.5±0.13 mg·kg -1 , respectively. The correlation between the contribution of radon to indoor with radium content and uranium concentrations of the two detectors (CN-85 and CR-39) was clear. Finally, the values of radon concentrations, radium content, radon exhalation rate in terms of area, annual effective dose and uranium concentrations in samples in this work were below the limits of the world average, so, according to the results of the area under study, this would not pose a significant risk to human beings.

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“…Otra aplicación sería su empleo en la fabricación de ladrillos para pantallas protectoras de radiaciones gamma debido a su alto contenido en hierro (hematita y magnetita) (3) ya que se ha comprobado la eficacia del empleo de ladrillos de ferromanganeso a pesar de su menor masa protectora frente al uso tradicional del cemento (4).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Aplicaciones de los minerales arcillosos de Cayo Guan, Cuba, como adsorbentes de metales pesados y materia prima cerámica

Fonseca¹,

Barba²,

Callejas³

et al. 2012

Bol. Soc. Esp. Ceram. Vidr.

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En Cayo Guan, municipio de Moa, hay junto a las importantes explotaciones industriales de lateritas, minerales arcillosos cuya caractarización química, mineralógica y evolución de fases con la temperatura han sido objeto de estudio por estos autores en un anterior trabajo; entre las características físicas, químicas y mineralógicas del yacimiento destacan los altos contenidos de óxidos de hierro y aluminio, bajas concentraciones de SiO 2 y óxidos alcalinos, y la caolinita como mineral más abundante, además de hematita, gibsita y goethita en forma de geles. Se pretende en esta investigación estudiar sus propiedades tecnológicas para dilucidar la posible aplicabilidad a estos recursos minerales en la fabricación de ladrillos, baldosas de pasta roja, gres rústico y para la inmovilización de metales pesados en efluentes acuosos. El estudio por microscopía óptica de calefacción de los minerales arcillosos, indica que son unos materiales refractarios cuyo reblandecimiento aparece después de los 1500 ºC. El diagrama de trabajabilidad de las diferentes arcillas y el cálculo de la plasticidad por el método de la cuchara de Casagrande presentan dentro de la zona favorable para la extrusión sólo a una de las muestras. Los diagramas de gresificación informan que es a partir de 1400 ºC cuando se consigue una capacidad de absorción de agua < 0,6 %. El diseño de un programa ha posibilitado el cálculo de múltiples composiciones de un gres porcelánico preparado a partir de dichas arcillas, modificadas con materias primas de bajo coste que facilitan la formación de fase vítrea (feldespato potásico y casco de vidrio) y/o incrementan el contenido de sílice (arena y diatomea utilizada como filtros en la industria cervecera). Se presentan los resultados de una de ellas (60 % de mineral arcilloso, 30 % de feldespato potásico y 10 % de diatomea) que calcinada a 1250 ºC con una velocidad de calentamiento de 15 ºC/min dio lugar a una absorción de agua de 0,8 % y contracción lineal de 21 % sin observarse deformación.Por último, para estudiar su aplicación como adsorbente de metales pesados (Cd), los minerales arcillosos se sometieron a un tratamiento ácido para eliminar su alto contenido en hierro y se compararon los resultados de la inmovilización de estos iones con los obtenidos con un reconocido material adsorbente como la vermiculita activada a 800 ºC, observándose que los minerales sometidos al tratamiento de lixiviación presentan una adsorción, tanto de Cd 2+ como de Cr 3+ , por debajo de la conseguida con la vermiculita, sin embargo los que no se han sometido a dicho tratamiento presentan buen comportamiento frente al cromo; esto se debe a que estos minerales arcillosos no contienen en su composición apenas iones intercambiables (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , K + ), y aunque se hayan activado/lixiviado químicamente sólo la presencia de iones Fe es la que produce enlaces del tipo (Cr x .Fe 1-x )(OH) 3 que favorecen la adsorción del Cr. Palabras clave: minerales arcillosos, adsorción de metales pesados, gres porcelánico, materia prima cerám...

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Natural radioactivity in common building construction and radiation shielding materials

Cited by 81 publications

References 11 publications

Assessing exposure to granite countertops—part 2: Radon

Assessing exposure to granite countertops—part 2: Radon

Alpha Particles Concentrations from Soil Samples of Al-Najaf/ Iraq

Aplicaciones de los minerales arcillosos de Cayo Guan, Cuba, como adsorbentes de metales pesados y materia prima cerámica

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