Natural radioactivity in European drinking water: A review

Gómez, M.; Suursoo, Siiri; Martín-Sánchez, Nicolás; Vaasma, Taavi; Leier, Maria

doi:10.1080/10643389.2022.2041975

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…The data presented in this study further expand our knowledge regarding the radioactivity of drinking water in the European Union countries, thereby contributing to the availability of harmonised information and publications about the overall condition of drinking water resources [1,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water in the Surroundings of a Metamorphic Outcrop in Hungary: The Hydrogeological Answer to Practical Problems

Baják

Molnár

Csondor

et al. 2023

Water

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Groundwater quality constantly evolves through rock–water interactions, which can enrich groundwater with undesirable elements such as naturally occurring radionuclides. The aim of this study was to understand the cause of gross alpha activity exceeding the screening value of 0.1 Bq L−1 measured in groundwater-derived drinking water in the vicinity of a metamorphic outcrop in Hungary. As groundwater quality is strongly dependent on the properties of groundwater flow systems, environmental tracers (δ2H and δ18O composition, 226Ra, 222Rn, total U activity concentration, and 234U/238U ratio) and hydraulic evaluation were applied to understand groundwater dynamics. The collected groundwater samples had total U activities up to 540 mBq L−1, which translates into an indicative dose below the drinking water parametric value. However, in the presence of dissolved uranium, the δ2H (−52.6–(−83.4)) and δ18O (−7.17–(−11.96)) values led to the conclusion that local flow systems were sampled that are known to be most vulnerable to any changes in their recharge area. The results confirm that the groundwater flow system approach involving environmental tracers and hydraulic evaluation is a powerful tool for identifying the cause of natural radioactivity in groundwater-derived drinking water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 60%

Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water in the Surroundings of a Metamorphic Outcrop in Hungary: The Hydrogeological Answer to Practical Problems

Baják

Molnár

Csondor

et al. 2023

Water

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“…The characteristic combination of plant and animal species has a bioindicator significance and is an indicator of the degree of pollution (saprobity), ie water quality. Increased nitrate content in groundwater and surface water, as a result of agricultural activities, is one of the first cases that chemical pollutants have caused public concern to health organizations and water utilities, according to Directive 91/676/EEC on protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural production, Council Directive 91/676/EEC of 12 December 1991 concerning the protection of waters against pollution caused by nitrates from agricultural sources, (Gómez et al 2022).…”

Section: Raw Water Quality Managementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contaminating Substances as the Main Concept for Researching Quality and Water Management in Contemporary Systems

Stevović¹,

Marković²

2023

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Water on Earth is a vital element of living systems. Water is a medium that enables life and at the same time a medium in which a diverse eco systems exist. Natural waters contain dissolved gases, dissolved organic and inorganic substances and solid suspended materials. The quantities of dissolved and suspended substances are affected by: water temperatures, contact of water with the atmosphere, types of sediment the water is in contact, quantities of rainwater entering surface waters and quantities of waste substances, which are of anthropogenic origin. The results of water quality, according to the methodology of Eurowaternet - Lakes Aggregation of station data, were investigated and presented in a table form and by the location. The estimated value of water quality was obtained, expressed by the appropriate Water Quality Index. Water quality indicators are determined by the Serbian Water Quality Index method. The analyzes are presented by the frequency distribution of the indicators SWQI, nitrate, total phosphorus, ammonium and BOD5. Related to that research, as a result of the applied methodology and the fact that modern water supply systems in the Republic of Serbia have predominantly relied on groundwater reserves, and lately more and more on water abstraction from reservoirs and their use after treatment, a proposal for the management of raw water quality was given.

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“…Due to its interaction with the adjacent media, including soil and rock, natural spring water possesses the capability to dissolve radionuclides produced during the decay series of uranium and thorium (Gómez et al, 2023). The tectonic movement can also cause some radionuclides to reach the surface and it is also a source of naturally occurring Radon (Barkat et al, 2018;Malkovsky et al, 2022).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Radioactivity, its Health Implications in Natural Spring Water and Soil Mass Attenuation Coefficient Variation along with the Altitude Gradient: A Case Study from a Tourist Hub in Outer Himalayas

Anjum,

Siddique,

Younis

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Murree, called ‘Queen of Mountains’, is a tourist attraction situated at the foothill of (outer) Himalaya. This study assesses the radionuclide concentration in the natural spring water of Murree and the variation of mass-attenuation coefficient in soil with altitude. For this study, 20 natural springs were selected for water sampling while soil samples were collected from 15 sites employing random sampling. The average radionuclide concentration of Radium-226, Thorium-232, and Potassium-40 were 0.43 ± 0.09, 0.52 ± 0.08, and 1.52 ± 0.19 Bq/L respectively. The radionuclide concentration in Murree’s water is above average as compared to the natural radionuclide concentration in spring water worldwide. The radiation hazard indices namely Radium equivalent (Raeq), external and internal hazard index (Hin & Hex), Indoor and outdoor dose (Din & Dout), annual indoor and outdoor effective dose (Eout & Ein), and lifetime cancer risk (LCR) were quantified. The mean values of Raeq, Hex, Hin, Dout, Din, Eout, Ein, LCRout and LCRin are 1.26 Bq/L, 0.003, 0.005, 0.564 nGy/h, 1.067 nGy/h, 0.001 mSv/y, 0.005 mSv/y, 0.002 & 0.018 respectively. The radionuclides concentration revealed that Murree’s natural spring water has above average radionuclides activity, but the health hazards are not alarming. The mass attenuation coefficient was quantified for 356, 661, 1173, and 1332 keV energies experimentally using Ba-133, Cs-137 & Co-60 sources and theoretically using XCOM software. The mean value of mass attenuation for 356, 661, 1173, 1332 keV is 0.097, 0.074, 0.057, 0.054 cm2/g respectively. The radiation attenuation parameters like Half value layer (HVL), Tenth value layer (TVL), Mean free path (MFP), and the thickness of soil required to attenuate 99% of the radiation were also calculated. Comparatively, Murree’s soil showed lower attenuation properties as compared to cement, tiles, concrete, and Egyptian soil. To correlate the data statistical tools Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Pearson’s Correlation were used. To express the data spatially ESRI ARC-GIS was used employing Inverse Distance Weighting Interpolation (IDW).

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Natural radioactivity in European drinking water: A review

Cited by 11 publications

References 62 publications

Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water in the Surroundings of a Metamorphic Outcrop in Hungary: The Hydrogeological Answer to Practical Problems

Natural Radioactivity in Drinking Water in the Surroundings of a Metamorphic Outcrop in Hungary: The Hydrogeological Answer to Practical Problems

Contaminating Substances as the Main Concept for Researching Quality and Water Management in Contemporary Systems

Natural Radioactivity, its Health Implications in Natural Spring Water and Soil Mass Attenuation Coefficient Variation along with the Altitude Gradient: A Case Study from a Tourist Hub in Outer Himalayas

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