Natural Resources, the Terms of Trade, and Real Income Growth in Canada: 1870 to 2010

Baldwin, John R.; Macdonald, Ryan

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2056429

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…For example, the Forestry Revitalization Plan announced by the provincial government of British Columbia in 2003 ended requirements for minimum annual harvest [47]. Also, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) removed many of the trade barriers for Canadian producers in US markets, and exports of Canadian forest products increased between 1990 and 2000 [31]. Employment in the forest sector thus can vary not only from market fluctuations but also from changes in government policies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, the rise of digital alternatives to newsprint media and printing-and writing-grade paper created adverse conditions for forestry companies in the 1990s-2000s [30]. Also, in the mid-2000s, the demand for lumber increased in response to a boom in US housing, before that bubble burst in the late-2000s and the export of Canadian forest products to the US declined significantly [31]. In some ways, disconnecting market forces from habitat degradation could be a hallmark of effective conservation for such species dwelling in costly habitat to protect [32].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When the protection of a threatened species depends on the economy of a foreign nation

2020

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A significant challenge of conservation biology is to preserve species in places where their critical habitat also attracts significant economic interest. The problem is compounded when species distributions occur across large spatial extents. Threatened boreal caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) epitomize this problem: their critical habitat encompasses a vast expanse of forest that also supplies much of Canada's merchantable timber. Boreal caribou were protected under the Canada Species at Risk Act in 2003. We investigated putative drivers of reduced disturbance for caribou habitat since then. Where the cumulative logging footprint slowed within caribou habitat, this has resulted neither from decreases in annual allowable cut of timber nor the creation or expansion of protected areas. Rather, it has fluctuated with the American economy relative to that of Canada. For each $0.05 US lost over the $CAD, 129 km 2 of caribou habitat was not disturbed by logging in a given year. Recent population declines have been occurring even though logging typically remained at <70% of allowed levels. Our study raises concerns about how caribou are functionally being conserved under the current application of existing legislation. In this globalized world, the economy of foreign nations is increasingly likely to govern national conservation objectives.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the protection of a threatened species depends on the economy of a foreign nation

2020

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“…Canadá desarrolló plenamente su industria petrolera en 1945 y más en 1947, cuando el descubrimiento del campo en Alberta, convirtió el país en exportador neto en los años 80. Las alzas de precios de los años ochenta, noventa e inicios de los años dos mil, impulsaron sus ventas externas (Baldwin et al, 2012). EU y Canadá proveen respectivamente el 47% y el 53% de los 145 mil millones de pies cúbicos de gas intercambiados en la región en 2028, en un intenso intercambio cruzado en el cual uno y otro país son los proveedores exclusivos.…”

Section: Aplicación De Los íNdices Para Evaluar La Se Enunclassified

Seguridad energética en México, Estados Unidos y Canadá de 1980 al 2016. Centralidad del petróleo y la incorporación de temas ambientales

Peña

Mutis

2020

Norteamérica

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El embargo petrolero de la OPEP de octubre 1973, originó la concepción de Seguridad Energética (SE), enfocada en garantizar la oferta económica de combustibles. Paulatinamente incluyó temas ambientales, de gobernanza y equidad e incrementó la complejidad del concepto, las políticas y los métodos de medición. Con un enfoque de economía política, este ensayo escruta esta trayectoria, selecciona las variables para construir tres índices de SE relacionados e independientes: Seguridad Petrolera (ISP), Diversidad Energética (ÍDE) y Transición Energética (ÍTE) y los aplica para el período 1980-2016, a Canadá, Estados Unidos y México, países con históricos vínculos sociales y económicos, incluida la energía. Los resultados señalan la centralidad del petróleo en la SE y las bondades de construir índices independientes para cada país y contexto considerados.

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“…Mining related activities grew rapidly in Quebec (asbestos, gold, copper and lead), Ontario (iron ore, nickel, cobalt), Manitoba (nickel), and Saskatchewan (uranium and new discoveries of potash deposits). Aluminum production was also expanded in Quebec's Saguenay region and in Kitimat, British Columbia, to serve the fast-growing world aviation industry (Baldwin and Macdonald, 2012). The discovery of crude oil at Leduc, Alberta, in 1947 also marked the beginning of a new era that would eventually see oil and gas activities supplant agriculture as the province's primary industry.…”

Section: Directional Shifts In Canada's Ecgmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We seek to answer this question by employing a simple mean centre approach, a technique borrowed from population geographers who have long used it to track changes in a country's spatial distribution in population. The novelty here is that the mean centre approach we adopt is applied to a new dataset that provides long-term estimates of provincial-level household income figures from 1926 to 2013 (Baldwin and Macdonald 2012; 2 . Identifying the ECG and tracking changes in its direction and extent of movement over such a long period provides a new way of exploring and interpreting some of the underlying forces that have shaped Canada's recent economic history.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In the Footsteps of Mackintosh and Innis: Tracking Canada’s Economic Centre of Gravity since the Great Depression

Breau

Toy

Brown³

et al. 2018

Canadian Public Policy

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This paper tracks the historical movement in Canada's economic centre of gravity (ECG) since the early 20 th century. A simple weighted mean centre approach is applied to a novel dataset containing long-run estimates of household income at the provincial level. The analysis reveals that from 1926 to 2013, Canada's ECG shifted westward by a net distance of 204 km. Concomitant with this broad geographical shift, we identify six distinct historical moments during which major spatial realignments occurred, including a significant west to east move during the Great Depression years and two important east to west shifts during the energy-driven resource booms of the 1970s and post-2000 period. Time series modeling confirms that the ups and downs of resource commodity prices are indeed strongly associated with historical movements of the ECG in Canada.

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Natural Resources, the Terms of Trade, and Real Income Growth in Canada: 1870 to 2010

Cited by 13 publications

References 54 publications

When the protection of a threatened species depends on the economy of a foreign nation

When the protection of a threatened species depends on the economy of a foreign nation

Seguridad energética en México, Estados Unidos y Canadá de 1980 al 2016. Centralidad del petróleo y la incorporación de temas ambientales

In the Footsteps of Mackintosh and Innis: Tracking Canada’s Economic Centre of Gravity since the Great Depression

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