Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak, Malaysia

Vythilingam, Indra; Tan, Cheong Huat; Asmad, M.; Chan, S. T.; Lee, K.S.; Singh, Balbir

doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.006

Cited by 138 publications

(135 citation statements)

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“…En condiciones experimentales se han inducido infecciones con P. knowlesi en Callithrix jacchus (30) (26,34). Ninguna de éstas está documentada en Colombia (35).…”

Section: Huéspedes Y Vectores Naturalesunclassified

“…La búsqueda de huéspedes y vectores para determinar el potencial zoonótico de esta infección, se inició en Malasia (34,36). Anopheles hackeri se identificó como el vector más importante de P. knowlesi (37), A. balabacencis introlatus, como el vector de P. cynomolgi (38), y A. leucosphyrus como el de P. inui (39), plasmodios causantes de malaria en simios.…”

Section: Huéspedes Y Vectores Naturalesunclassified

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Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

2012

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El primer caso informado de transmisión natural de Plasmodium knowlesi en humanos se publicó en 1965. En el sureste de Asia la presentación atípica de casos de malaria, tanto por cambios en la distribución de las especies diagnosticadas de Plasmodium, como por su morfología, motivó diversos estudios que han confirmado la infección en humanos por este plasmodio que infecta naturalmente distintas especies de simios, que son endémicos de las selvas de esta región. Los estudios recientes sugieren que la malaria por P. knowlesi no es una enfermedad emergente en humanos sino que no estaba siendo diagnosticada, debido a la similitud morfológica de este plasmodio con P. malariae y P. falciparum, lo cual dificulta su reconocimiento mediante examen microscópico. Actualmente, se puede confirmar el diagnóstico mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa que permite identificar cebadores específicos de P. knowlesi. La malaria por P. knowlesi ha ocasionado desenlaces fatales en humanos, lo que plantea diversos retos como la búsqueda de métodos operativos de diagnóstico para las zonas endémicas, el estudio de los vectores involucrados y la eficacia terapéutica de los medicamentos para su tratamiento. En las regiones selváticas de Suramérica se hace imperativa la vigilancia de parásitos y vectores de la malaria en simios, que potencialmente puedan ocasionar esta zoonosis. Palabras clave: malaria/epidemiología, Plasmodium knowlesi, infección, humanos Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humansThe first reported case of natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans was published in 1965. In Southeast Asia, the atypical presentation of malaria cases, the changes in the distribution of the Plasmodium species diagnosed and their atypical morphology prompted several studies that confirmed natural infections in humans by this protozoon which naturally infects different species of apes which are endemic in the forests of this region. Recent studies suggest that P. knowlesi malaria is not an emerging disease in humans but was rather being misdiagnosed due to its morphological similarity with P. malariae and P. falciparum, hampering its correct diagnosis by microscopic examination. Currently, the diagnosis can be confirmed by polymerase chain reaction using P. knowlesi specific primers. Malaria by P. knowlesi has lead to fatal outcomes in humans and poses several challenges such as the development of useful diagnostic tools for endemic areas, the study of the vectors involved and the therapeutic efficacy of the drugs for its treatment. In the jungle regions of South America it is imperative to monitor the parasites of simian malaria and the vectors that have the potential to transmit this zoonosis.

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“…En condiciones experimentales se han inducido infecciones con P. knowlesi en Callithrix jacchus (30) (26,34). Ninguna de éstas está documentada en Colombia (35).…”

Section: Huéspedes Y Vectores Naturalesunclassified

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

2012

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“…These investigators used Anopheles balabacensis, a member of the Leucosphyrus complex placed under the Leucosphyrus Group (Sallum et al 2005). The proof that P. knowlesi in humans is a case of malaria zoonoses came from studies by Vythillingam et al (2006Vythillingam et al ( , 2008. In Sarawak Lee et al (2011) Malaysia, specimens of An.…”

Section: Clinical Symptoms Of P Knowlesi Infections and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…cracens (a member of the Dirus Complex) and An. latens (a member of the Leucosphyrus Complex) were incriminated as vectors of P. knowlesi in humans in Malaysian Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia respectively (Vythillingam et al 2006(Vythillingam et al , 2008). An.…”

Section: Clinical Symptoms Of P Knowlesi Infections and Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Centenary celebrations article

Subbarao

2011

J Parasit Dis

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The identification of a large focus of Plasmodium knowlesi in Malaysian Borneo and subsequent reports from several countries in South-east Asia has led its recognition as the fifth human malaria parasite. The natural preferred hosts of this species still continue to be macaque monkeys that live in broad-leaf rain forests. This review describes the distribution of macaque monkeys, the Anopheles species belonging to the Leucosphyrus Group that have been incriminated as vectors, morphological and clinical features of this parasite, and the transmission cycles that have been identified for this parasite. As the North-eastern states of India share their borders with P. knowlesi malaria endemic countries and because travelers from countries in South-east Asia visit India and vice versa, risks of this parasite entering India and its spread are also discussed.

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“…To our knowledge this is the first report of the detection of P. knowlesi together with P. falciparum and P. vivax in an individual mosquito from a population that acts as the principal human malaria vector in a given area. Studies on P. knowlesi transmission in Malaysia (Vythilingam et al, 2006(Vythilingam et al, , 2008 identified a vector species that, although belonging to the Anopheles leucosphyrus group, is at present not implicated in the transmission of human malaria parasites. Our report shows that P.…”

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confidence: 99%

Anopheles dirus co-infection with human and monkey malaria parasites in Vietnam

Nakazawa

Marchand²,

Quang³

et al. 2009

International Journal for Parasitology

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The feasibility of identifying parasite DNA and specific mRNAs from wild caught Anopheles dirus mosquitoes was assessed using dried mosquito salivary glands preserved on filter paper. We were able to detect Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax This study also shows that the preservation of mosquito salivary glands on filter paper, and the down-stream extraction of parasite DNA and RNA from those, offers a powerful resource for molecular epidemiological studies on malaria. Keywords: Salivary glands, Plasmodium knowlesi, PCR, RT-PCRMalaria transmission occurs in the forested areas in the southern and central provinces of Vietnam (Erhart et al., 2004) and constitutes a considerable public health problem in these areas. In order to fully understand the complexities of malaria transmission, it is important to identify and characterize malaria parasites in mosquito vectors. Evidence for the generation of genetic diversity during sexual proliferation in mosquito vectors has previously been accumulated using laboratory isolates of genetically diverse parasites, as well as with samples from field settings (Babiker et al., 1994; Menegon et al., 2000 knowlesi, were spotted onto chromatography-grade filter papers (ET31CHR;Whatman, Maidstone, UK). Each blood-spotted filter paper was immediately air-dried and stored in a sealed plastic bag at room temperature until RT-PCR or PCR analysis was performed. To examine the detection limit for mosquito salivary gland-extracted parasite mRNA, salivary glands from laboratory reared Anopheles stephensi were prepared in the same way as were the wild-caughtAn. dirus. Salivary glands were dissected from laboratory colony reared An.stephensi more than 1 week after blood feeding on either mouse or human blood and dried on E31CHR filter paper at room temperature. Gametocyte suspensions were obtained from cultured 3D7-9A by pyrimethamine treatment at 10 -6 M from day 7 after thawing until harvest on day 12. Ten times serially diluted cultured gametocyte suspension was added to the spot on the filter paper where the salivary glands were attached. Extraction of RNA and reverse transcription was carried out as previously described (Maeno et al., 2003). Briefly, dried spotted filter paper was cut into small pieces and total RNA and genomic DNA (gDNA) was extracted with ISOGEN (Nippon gene, Tokyo, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The extracted total RNA was transcribed to synthesize cDNA which was subsequently subjected to PCR using specific The detection limit of parasite mRNA by RT-PCR was one gametocyte per salivary gland for pfg377 mRNA and 10 gametocytes per gland for pfs16 mRNA (Fig. 1A). We extracted both parasite gDNA and mRNA from the salivary glands of wild caught mosquitoes. Region 3 of pfg377 mRNA was detected in all of the three dried salivary gland samples and both the mRNA and gDNA of pfg377 were detected in two samples (Fig. 1B). The PCR products showed the same molecular size as the RT-PCR products by electrophoresis. No PCR product was observed by ...

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Natural transmission of Plasmodium knowlesi to humans by Anopheles latens in Sarawak, Malaysia

Abstract: a v a i l a b l e a t w w w . s c i e n c e d i r e c t . c o m j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w . e l s e v i e r h e a l t h . c o m / j o u r n a l s / t r s t SHORT COMMUNICATION Natural transmission of

Cited by 138 publications

References 9 publications

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

Natural Plasmodium knowlesi malaria infections in humans

Centenary celebrations article

Anopheles dirus co-infection with human and monkey malaria parasites in Vietnam

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