Natural Xylooligosaccharides Exert Antitumor Activity via Modulation of Cellular Antioxidant State and TLR4

Abstract

It has been recently proven that xylooligosaccharides (XOS) with prebiotic properties have diverse beneficial biological effects including immunomodulatory and antitumor activities. The present article focused on the chemical and biological evaluation of corn-derived commercially available XOS and aimed to elucidate their cytotoxicity and inhibitory potential against tumor cells. Spectrophotometric chemical analyses, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed. Antioxidant activity was determined by measuring the oxygen radical absorbance capacity and hydroxyl radical averting capacity. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with human cell lines derived from normal and tumor tissues, assessments of ATP production, mitochondrial membrane potential specific staining, cytokine assays, and molecular docking were used to evaluate the biological activity of XOS. The sample showed significant antioxidant activity, and it was determined that most xylose oligomers in it are composed of six units. XOS exhibited antitumor activity with pronounced inhibitory effect on lysosomes, but mitochondrial functionality was also affected. The production of proinflammatory cytokines by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U-937 cells was reduced by XOS treatment, which suggested the involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated signaling in the mechanism of XOS action. Molecular docking analyses confirmed the potential inhibitory interaction between the sample and TLR4. In addition, XOS treatment had significant tumor-cell-specific influence on the glutathione antioxidant system, affecting its balance and thus contributing to the inhibition of cellular viability. The present study elucidated the tumor-inhibitory potential of commercially available XOS that could be utilized in pharmaceutical and food industry providing disease-preventive and therapeutic benefits.

Development of a Sequential Fractionation-and-Recovery Method for Multiple Anti-Inflammatory Components Contained in the Dried Red Alga Dulse (Palmaria palmata)

“…Furthermore, the E1, which contains enzymatically degraded xylose products, only suppressed the secretion of IL-6. Indeed, several studies [ 38 , 39 , 40 ] reported that xylose and xylo-oligosaccharides extracted from algae strongly suppressed IL-6 secretion among the cytokines produced in LPS-stimulated macrophages, compared to TNF-alpha and IL-1B.…”

Optimization of Mixed Inulin, Fructooligosaccharides, and Galactooligosaccharides as Prebiotics for Stimulation of Probiotics Growth and Function

“…Moreover, the degree of polymerization (DP) or the number of sugar units in a prebiotic molecule also affects its fermentability and prebiotic index score. Prebiotics with a low DP, such as FOS (DP of 2 to 8), GOS (DP of 2 to 8), and XOS (DP of 2 to 10), tend to be more fermentable and have a higher prebiotic index score than prebiotics with a high DP, such as INU (DP of 2 to 60) [ 44 , 45 , 46 ]. This is because the longer one contains fewer non-reducing ends per unit mass than the shorter one, resulting in less substrate for hydrolysis by bacterial enzymes.…”

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial Activity and In Vitro Anticancer Evaluation of Ochradenus baccatus Methanolic Extract

“…Studies have shown that 1,4-D-Xylobiose’s anticancer effects are mediated via the modulation of glutathione homeostasis and TLR4 signaling, which impact cellular redox status. Therefore, it might be assumed that this chemical compound is also responsible for our plant’s carcinogenic properties [ 19 ]. The LC-MS analysis of the methanolic extract from O. baccatus branches identified 13 major compounds, and some of them are thought to be responsible for the extract’s antibacterial and anticancer activities ( Table 3 ).…”