Encyclopedia of the World's Biomes 2020
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.12481-9
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Nature of Alpine Ecosystems in Tropical Mountains of South America

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Cited by 14 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…They provide important ecosystem services worldwide (Aparecido et al, 2018) but are threatened by global environmental changes (Assis & de Mattos, 2016;Oliveira et al, 2014), such as drought caused by reductions in fog exposure (Eller et al, 2016). Tropical mountain ecosystems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are found above 1,500 m asl, where diverse microenvironmental conditions give rise to various vegetation formations from grasslands and shrublands to bogs (Christmann & Oliveras, 2020). These ecosystems are called Campos de Altitude and are characterized by grass-dominated mountaintop formations restricted to the highest summits of the southeastern Brazilian Highlands (Safford, 1999a).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…They provide important ecosystem services worldwide (Aparecido et al, 2018) but are threatened by global environmental changes (Assis & de Mattos, 2016;Oliveira et al, 2014), such as drought caused by reductions in fog exposure (Eller et al, 2016). Tropical mountain ecosystems in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest are found above 1,500 m asl, where diverse microenvironmental conditions give rise to various vegetation formations from grasslands and shrublands to bogs (Christmann & Oliveras, 2020). These ecosystems are called Campos de Altitude and are characterized by grass-dominated mountaintop formations restricted to the highest summits of the southeastern Brazilian Highlands (Safford, 1999a).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The Neotropical high montane includes a variety of unique ecosystems on the planet, including montane and high Andean forests and large areas dominated by native grasses (Gradstein et al, 2008; Hofstede, 2013). The tropical alpine grasslands of America are located on mountain peaks at elevations above 3,000 m. The humid and dry punas of the Andes, the high-altitude grassland in southeastern Brazil, and the equatorial Páramos are classified within these grasslands (Ruiz et al, 2008; Christmann & Oliveras, 2020). Páramos are part of the high montane ecosystems with the largest extension, being distributed in the equatorial Andes and southern Central America, above the limit of the high Andean forests and below the snow line (Lauer, 1981; Hofstede et al, 2003; Anthelme & Peyre, 2019).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The paramo includes all natural and semi-natural ecosystems located above the natural montane tree line in the northern Andes [1][2][3]. Nevertheless, few isolated paramos exist, apart from the main cordilleras and are called extra-Andean paramos.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%