Nature Sports

Conceptualizing adventurous nature sport: A positive psychology perspective

“…While examples of nature sports abound, clear definitions and models of these activities are difficult to ascertain. This may be due in part to the proliferation of terminology, such as 'extreme', 'highrisk', 'adventure', and 'alternative', across a range of disciplines including sport and exercise psychology, sociology, philosophy, tourism, leisure studies, business studies, experiential education and wilderness therapy (e.g., Bowen, Neill, & Crisp, 2016;Castanier, Le Scanff, & Woodman, 2011;Krein, 2014;Melo & Gomes, 2017). For the purpose of this discussion, the term adventurous nature sports (ANS) is used to encompass activities traditionally described as 'highrisk', 'adventurous', or 'extreme' nature-based sporting activities.…”

Penyagolosa Trails: From Ancestral Roads to Sustainable Ultra-Trail Race, between Spirituality, Nature, and Sports. A Case of Study

“…Despite the fact that there is no clear definition of nature sports in the academy [2,3], trail running could be included in this group because it is practiced on mountain paths located in natural spaces and, exceptionally, in protected areas of high natural and ecological value, such as the Penyagolosa Park, in Spain.…”

“…In the last years, trail runners and trail races have grown significantly around the world [2,4,5]. The ITRA database shows that in 2007, the first year with published data, there were 142 races in the world.…”

Skiing and its Discontents: Assessing theTuristExperience from a Psychoanalytical, a Neuroscientific and a Sport Philosophical Perspective

“…But overall, the skiing industry as represented in Turist exemplifies the experience economy (Pine and Gilmore 1999), fabricating commodified events for customers, so that experiences become commodities (tourists as consumers of 'quality time'). Such fabricated experiences bar us from a genuine nature experience, rather than opening us up to it, so that skiing is not really a 'nature sport' (Krein, 2014(Krein, , 2015.…”

“…The technicity of skiing, everything which has to be in place in order to transform Alpine nature into a supporting ambiance for the skiing industry, fades into the backdrop, and this makes Sartre's portrayal fairly 'superficial' . Doubtlessly, in the 1930s, skiing had not yet evolved into the massive tourist attraction which it has become today, so that in those days it could perhaps still be considered a 'nature sport' (whose practitioners interacted with natural features: Krein 2014Krein , 2015, but insofar as skiing during the interbellum really was a solitary, low-tech activity, this reduces the relevance of Sartre's account for the current sport philosophical debate because what used to be marginal and rudimentary perhaps (the technical, infrastructural side of skiing) has now become decidedly visible and dominant. And my negative attitude towards skiing does not concern the physical activity as such of course, but rather everything that comes with it; and precisely this is overlooked in Sartre's self-centred account, which focuses on the experience of sliding.…”