“…Binaural audio is excellent for this application because it can accurately relay spatial sources using naturally-occurring, subtle timing and amplitude differences between ears. Several studies have demonstrated the utility of localized audio for navigational aids (Cohen, Fernando, Nagai, & Shimizu, 2006;Gunther, Kazman, & MacGregor, 2004;Holland, Morse, & Gedenryd, 2002;Klatzky, Marston, Giudice, Golledge, & Loomis, 2006;Lokki & Grohn, 2005;Loomis, Golledge, & Klatzky, 1998;Simpson et al, 2005). Further, given its nonverbal presentation of spatial information, it is assumed that the tonal aid recruits the visuospatial sketchpad rather than the phonological loop.…”