“…The FDEM has found wide application in various fields of science such as structural analysis [14][15][16], rock mechanics [17,18], maritime engineering [19], biomedical engineering [20] and mechanical engineering [21]. Sequential CPU algorithms for FDEM problems have been developed, including Munjiza-NBS [22] and MR [23] algorithm for contact detection, combined single and a smeared crack model for fracture and fragmentation [24], penalty function method based potential contact force for contact interaction [25], and time saving algorithms for force evaluation [11]. All above mentioned algorithms are part of the open source FDEM Y2D and Y3D packages for the analysis of two dimensional problems and three dimensional problems, respectively.…”