2021
DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111583
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Near Infrared Fluorescent Nanostructure Design for Organic/Inorganic Hybrid System

Abstract: Near infrared (NIR) light offers high transparency in biological tissue. Recent advances in NIR fluorophores including organic dyes and lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles have realized the effective use of the NIR optical window for in vivo bioimaging and photodynamic therapy. The narrow energy level intervals used for electronic transition that involves NIR light, however, give rise to a need for guidelines for reducing heat emission in luminescence systems, especially in the development of organic/inor… Show more

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Cited by 7 publications
(8 citation statements)
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“…When the molecule forms a stable conjugated structure at the end of the coupling reaction, one electron is lost, and the molecule becomes a cation skeleton. Therefore, polymethine dyes generally consist of a cationic skeleton and nonpolar anion, such as the boron tetrafluoride ion (BF 4 − ) or perchlorate ion (ClO 4 − ), as reviewed recently [53]. The optical absorption of polymethine dyes changes with solvent polarity [50,54,55].…”
Section: Near-infrared Fluorescent Dyesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…When the molecule forms a stable conjugated structure at the end of the coupling reaction, one electron is lost, and the molecule becomes a cation skeleton. Therefore, polymethine dyes generally consist of a cationic skeleton and nonpolar anion, such as the boron tetrafluoride ion (BF 4 − ) or perchlorate ion (ClO 4 − ), as reviewed recently [53]. The optical absorption of polymethine dyes changes with solvent polarity [50,54,55].…”
Section: Near-infrared Fluorescent Dyesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The counter anion, which weakens the intramolecular polarization of the dye and has low polarity, inhibits thermal relaxation of the polymethine dye from its excited states, resulting in high NIR fluorescence properties. On the other hand, when the dye contacts water molecules, the counter anion is replaced by OH − , which has a low molecular weight (17 g/mol) and high polarity and thus induces thermal relaxation of the dye from its excited state [39,53]. This quenching is also due to their small HOMO-LUMO gap, which corresponds to the lower photon energy of OTN-NIR light than that of visible and NIR-I light.…”
Section: Near-infrared Fluorescent Dyesmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“… 25 IR-1061, a widely used OTN-NIR fluorescent dye, has hydrophobic and cationic (polarized) backbones in its molecular structure and a non-polar counter ion, BF 4 − , that can suppress vibration quenching. 35,36 Replacing BF 4 − with hydroxyl ions (OH − ) results in IR-1061 being quenched due to the influence of the vibration modes of O–H bonds. 30 Thus, probes using IR-1061 for fluorescence bioimaging applications should be designed for suppressing quenching.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, the NIR light emission is usually accompanied by heat generation, and so it is utmost importance to ensure the rational design of nanoparticles for minimizing heat production. In this Special Issue, a review due to K. Okubo et al is dedicated to investigating the main guidelines to design hybrid nanostructures for minimizing heat generation by using surrounding low vibrational centers or molecules with small chemical polarity [ 3 ].…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%