Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for Imaging Upregulated Hydrogen Sulfide Levels in Rice under Salt and Drought Stress

Abstract

Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) is a hazardous gas found in living organisms and is directly tied to our daily lives. Recent studies show that it plays a significant role in plant growth, development, and response to environmental stresses. However, few of the reported near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes have been applied to rice and deeply investigated the influence of the external environment on the biological molecules in its internal environment. Therefore, our team created BSZ-H 2 S, which has the advantage of an emission wavelength of up to 720 nm with fast response, successfully applying it to cell and zebrafish imaging. More importantly, the probe detected H 2 S in rice roots by in situ imaging in a facile manner and verified the existence of an upregulation process of H 2 S in response to salt and drought stress. This work provides a concept for the intervention of external stresses in rice culture.

Activity-Based Fluorescent Probes for Hydrogen Sulfide and Related Reactive Sulfur Species

“…This probe was used to image exogenous H 2 S in MCF-7 cells and zebrafish, as well as endogenous H 2 S in rice roots. 382 Lin reported 350 (Hcy-HSP), which is built from the same structure but includes a sulfur rather than oxygen atom in the xanthene core. This substitution resulted in a further red-shifted emission of 787 nm.…”

“…Fu reported an almost identical platform with a methyl, rather than ethyl-benzothiazolium motif to report 349 (BSZ-H 2 S). This probe was used to image exogenous H 2 S in MCF-7 cells and zebrafish, as well as endogenous H 2 S in rice roots . Lin reported 350 (Hcy-HSP), which is built from the same structure but includes a sulfur rather than oxygen atom in the xanthene core.…”

A Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe with Large Stokes Shift for Sensitive Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Environmental Water, Food Spoilage, and Biological Systems

“…Among various detection strategies, fluorescent probes have emerged as powerful tools for detection due to their high sensitivity, real-time monitoring capabilities, and ability to provide spatiotemporal imaging and are widely used in fields such as food inspection, environmental monitoring, and biological imaging. − In recent years, a number of small molecule fluorescent probes have been successfully developed for H 2 S detection (Table S1). However, some of these probes exhibit noticeable drawbacks, including tedious synthesis steps, non-near-infrared emission (<650 nm), small Stokes shift (<100 nm), poor biocompatibility (test solution system has a high proportion of organic solvents), potential biotoxicity, and susceptibility to interference from other analytes (particularly biothiols) .…”

Universal Near-Infrared Fluorescent Nanoprobes for Detection and Real-Time Imaging of ATP in Real Food Samples, Living Cells, and Bacteria

“…Deng et al developed a nanoscale fluorescent probe with a zeolitic imidazole framework that targets the dynamic imaging of ATP and delivers therapeutic drugs in subcellular mitochondria. In addition, near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence analysis has become a prominent tool for biosensor development because of its excellent characteristics such as high spatiotemporal resolution, low biological tissue damage, high sensitivity, and so forth. − However, the excitation and emission wavelengths in the visible region of the previously reported probes resulted in their low tissue penetration capability and were difficult to use for imaging biological cells and tissues in vivo. − Therefore, it is necessary to develop a universal ATP biological imaging sensor to quickly and easily detect pathogenic microorganisms, which is of great significance for environmental quality monitoring and food safety, as well as to solve health and safety issues in clinical diagnostic applications.…”