Near‐infrared imaging of diseases: A nanocarrier approach

Abstract

Developments in fluorescence imaging, brought popularity to near infrared (NIR) imaging with farred and NIR fluorophores applied for biosensing and bioimaging in living systems. Noninvasive NIR imaging gained popularity with the use of effective NIR dyes to obtain macroscopic fluorescence images. Several attributes of NIR dyes make them desirable agents, including high specificity, high sensitivity, minimized background interference, and the ability to easily conjugate with drug delivery systems. However, NIR dyes have some drawbacks and limitations, such as low solubility, low stability, and degradation. To overcome these issues, NIR dyes can be encapsulated in appropriate nanocarriers to achieve effective diagnosis, imaging, and therapy monitoring during surgery. Moreover, the vast majority of NIR dyes have photosensitizer features that can effectuate cancer treatment referred to as photodynamic therapy (PDT). In the near future, by combining NIR dyes with appropriate nanocarriers such as liposomes, polymeric micelles, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, or ceramic/silica based nanoparticles, the limitations of NIR dyes can be minimized or even effectively eliminated to form potential effective agents for imaging, therapy, and therapy monitoring of several diseases, particularly cancer. K E Y W O R D Scancer imaging, effective imaging, nanocarriers, near infrared dyes, near infrared imaging, photodynamic therapy, photosensitizers

Review of Chemical Sensors for Hydrogen Sulfide Detection in Organisms and Living Cells

“…Secondly, some near infrared fluorescent dyes have poor chemical and light stability, such as cyanine dyes. Finally, the solubility of many near-infrared fluorescent dyes such as borodipyrrole dyes is difficult to meet the requirements of practical detection [ 68 ]. If we want to use near-infrared fluorescent dyes to detect H 2 S, more research needs to be conducted on dye synthesis.…”

The Formulation of Methylene Blue Encapsulated, Tc-99m Labeled Multifunctional Liposomes for Sentinel Lymph Node Imaging and Therapy

“…NIR light range (wavelength: 650-900 nm) provides tissue penetration and less autofluorescence from surrounding tissues. 5 Currently, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been investigated as an alternative treatment option for a variety of cancers. [6][7][8] Its mechanism is based on the photooxidation of biological matters.…”