Conspectus
From size-dependent luminescence to localized
surface plasmon resonances,
the optical properties that emerge from common materials with nanoscale
dimensions have been revolutionary. As nanomaterials get smaller,
they approach molecular electronic structures, and this transition
from bulk to molecular electronic properties is a subject of
far-reaching impact. One class of nanomaterials that exhibit particularly
interesting optoelectronic features at this size transition are coinage
metal (i.e., group 11 elements copper, silver, and gold) nanoparticles
with core diameters between approximately 1 to 3 nm (∼25–200
atoms). Coinage metal nanoparticles can exhibit red or near-infrared
photoluminescence features that are not seen in either their molecular
or larger nanoscale counterparts. This emission has been exploited
both as a probe of electronic behavior at the nanoscale as well as
in critical applications such as biological imaging and chemical sensing.
Interestingly, it has been demonstrated that their photoluminescence
figures of merit such as emission quantum yield, energy, and lifetime are
largely independent of particle diameter. Instead, emission from particles
at this size range depends heavily on the particle surface chemistry,
which includes both its metallic composition and the capping ligand
architecture. The strong influence of surface chemistry on these emergent
optoelectronic phenomena has powerful implications for both the study
and use of these particles, primarily due to the theoretically limitless possible
surface ligand architectures and metallic compositions.
In this
Account, we highlight recent work that studies and uses
surface chemistry-mediated photoluminescence from coinage metal nanoparticles.
Specifically, we emphasize the distinct, as well as synergistic, roles
of the nanoparticle capping ligand and the nanoparticle core for
controlling and/or enhancing their near-infrared photoluminescence.
We then discuss the implications of surface chemistry-mediated photoluminescence
as it relates to downstream applications such as energy transfer,
sensing, and biological imaging. We conclude by discussing current
challenges that remain in the field, including opportunities to develop
new particle synthetic routes, analytical tools, and physical frameworks
with which to understand small nanoparticle emission. Taken together,
we anticipate that these materials will be foundational both in understanding
the unique transition from molecular to bulk electronic structures
and in the development of nanomaterials that leverage this transition.