Near-Infrared Photothermal/Photodynamic-in-One Agents Integrated with a Guanidinium-Based Covalent Organic Framework for Intelligent Targeted Imaging-Guided Precision Chemo/PTT/PDT Sterilization

Abstract

Phototherapy holds great promise in the treatment of bacterial infections, especially the multidrug resistant bacterial infections. However, most therapeutic agents are based on the integration of individual photothermal agents and photosensitizers, always in the activated state, and generally lack bacterial specificity, resulting in uncertain pharmacokinetics and serious nonspecific damage to normal tissues. Herein, we report a pH-responsive nanoplatform with synergistic chemo-phototherapy function for smart fluorescence imaging-guided precision sterilization. pH reversible activated symmetric cyanine was designed and prepared as a bacterial-specific imaging unit and PTT/PDT-in-one agent. Meanwhile, a guanidinium-based covalent organic framework (COF) was employed as a nanocarrier and chemotherapy agent to build the intelligent nanoplatform via electrostatic self-assembly. The self-assembly of the PTT/PDT-in-one agent and the COF greatly improves the stability and blood circulation of the PTT/PDT-in-one agent and provides charge-reversed intelligent targeting ability. The developed smart nanoplatform not only enables bacterial-targeted imaging but also possesses chemo/PTT/PDT synergetic high-efficiency bactericidal effects with little side effects, showing great potential in practical applications.

Emerging porous organic polymers for biomedical applications

“…Then, a brief discussion on their synthetic strategies and functionalization approaches is provided. Subsequently, a detailed description is provided on the applications of POPs in diverse biomedical fields, including drug delivery, 76,101–116 biomacromolecule encapsulation, 117–129 photodynamic and photothermal therapy, 130–147 biosensing, 69,148–151 bioimaging, 152–155 antibacterial, 156–161 bioseparation, 162 and others, as shown in Fig. 2.…”

Synthesis of Prussian Blue Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial, Antiinflammation and Antitumor Applications

“…Traditional antibiotics do not target bacteria and cause general harm to human tissues [ 64 , 65 ]. Phototherapy is a potential treatment since it is non-invasive, does not cause medication resistance, and has low toxicity.…”

Application of Metal–Organic Framework in Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes

“…Recently, a photothermal therapy (PTT) based on near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation has been widely used for bacterial infections, especially multidrug-resistant bacterial infections [ 168 , 169 , 170 , 171 ]. A bacterial protein denaturation induced by locally elevated temperature (over 50 °C) for the introduced photothermal agents will cause irreversible bacterial structural damage and bacterial death [ 172 ].…”