“…In order to expand the bandwidth and increase the population distribution of specific energy levels, some RE 3+ co-doped schemes such as Er 3+ /Yb 3+ , Tm 3+ /Er 3+ , Tm 3+ /Yb 3+ , Er 3+ /Nd 3+ and Ho 3+ /Er 3+ [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] have been explored. However, the favorable doping host is low-phonon glasses such as sulfide, halide, tellurite and heavy-metal oxide glasses, which are almost impossible to fabricate the channel waveguide devices unless special equipment and complicated technique are employed.…”