Near-net shape forging of spur gear forms: An analysis and some experiments

A study of lateral extrusion of gear like elements and splines

“…Recently theoretical and experimental studies on the process of the closed-die forging of net or near-net shaped spur gear forms and splines have been done by different researches [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Early studies on lateral extrusion were carried out by Hendry [12] and Parsons et al [13] under the name of "injection upsetting".…”

Simulation of Helical Gear Forming of Az31 Magnesium Material

“…Conversely, the bulk forming processes like forging are generally preferred for material savings and much more important than this; the bulk forming processes improves the mechanical strength of the workpiece due to grain refinement and unbroken grain flow [5,10,13,14,18]. In addition to this, the forged parts are almost without holes and pores [4,11]. The injection upsetting method was one of the bulk forming methods and is specialized to form intricate shapes.…”

“…Behrens [4] investigated closeddie cold sizing process of a straight-toothed planetary gear in terms of the occurring elastic die deflection. Chitkara and Bhutta [11] investigated the upsetting of spur gear forms both experimentally and mathematically. Xu et.…”

Application of Open-die Warm Extrusion Technique in Spur Gear Manufacturing

“…Forging is one of the forming technologies first recommended for spur gears manufacturing. Closed-die forging [2,3], floating die design [4][5][6], divided flow method [7,8], and a series of improved technologies have been developed [9][10][11][12]. Throughout its development history, a key constraint of the spur gear forging is the contradictory relationship between the forming load and the forming precision.…”