Near-Surface Studies of the Changes to the Structure and Mechanical Properties of Human Enamel under the Action of Fluoride Varnish Containing CPP–ACP Compound

Abstract

Changes to the features of the enamel surface submitted to induced demineralisation and subsequent remineralisation were studied. The in vitro examination was conducted on polished slices of human molar teeth, divided in four groups: the untreated control (n = 20), challenged by a demineralisation with orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) (n = 20), and challenged by a demineralisation following remineralisation with fluoride (F) varnish containing casein phosphopeptides (CPP) and amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) compounds (n = 20). The specimens’ enamel surfaces were subjected to analysis of structure, molecular arrangement, mechanical features, chemical composition, and crystalline organization of apatite crystals. Specimens treated with acid showed a significant decrease in crystallinity, calcium, and phosphorus levels as well as mechanical parameters, with an increase in enamel surface roughness and degree of carbonates when compared to the control group. Treatment with fluoride CPP–ACP varnish provided great improvements in enamel arrangement, as the destroyed hydroxyapatite structure was largely rebuilt and the resulting enamel surface was characterised by greater regularity, higher molecular and structural organisation, and a smoother surface compared to the demineralised one. In conclusion, this in vitro study showed that fluoride CPP–ACP varnish, by improving enamel hardness and initiating the deposition of a new crystal layer, can be an effective remineralising agent for the treatment of damaged enamel.

The Effect of Dietary Rye Inclusion and Xylanase Supplementation on Structural Organization of Bone Constitutive Phases in Laying Hens Fed a Wheat-Corn Diet

“…The sizes of the hydroxyapatite crystals' crystallites and the degree of crystallinity were calculated using the Miller index (002). The peak position and the full width at half-maximum intensity (FWHM) were calculated from the fits of the Lorentz function using OriginPro 2016 software (OriginLab Co., Northampton, MA, USA) [45]. The calculated compositional parameters determined to evaluate bone material quality, derived from XRD spectroscopy, are characterized in Table 2.…”

Surface and Structural Studies of Age-Related Changes in Dental Enamel: An Animal Model

“…To investigate enamel surface morphology in the micrometre and nanometre-scale and assess its mechanical features qualitatively, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) [ 1 , 37 , 53 , 54 ] were applied. SEM images, presented in Figure 2 , show changes in the surface structure of incisor enamel during the period considered.…”

“…Extracted teeth were disinfected in aqueous 0.5 % Chloramine-T solution (Poch S.A., Gliwice, Poland) dissolved in deionised water at 4 °C for 24 h, washed with deionised water, and stored in a 0.9% NaCl solution at 4 °C for no longer than seven days [ 36 , 37 ] before the further examination.…”

A Chitosan–Agarose Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel for Biomimetic Remineralization of Dental Enamel

“…Despite the compact appearance of the needle-like enamel structures of the CS-A-0F-7 sample, we recorded the lowest crystallinity HAP. Swietlicka et al [64] reported for the remineralized enamels under casein phosphopeptides and amorphous calcium phosphate a smaller A 1070 /A 960 ratio, the area ratio derived from Raman spectra, than the sound enamel. This is the case of the CS-A-7 sample among the 7-day incubated samples.…”