Near visual function in young children. Part I: near point of convergence. Part II: amplitude of accommodation. Part III: near heterophoria

Abstract

The near point of convergence (NPC) was investigated on 485 children using an objective push-up convergence pursuit test. The mean NPC increased signi®cantly with age. Surprisingly, the occurrence of an NPC of more than 5 cm was not seen until children were over 8 years of age.

Test–retest reproducibility of accommodation measurements gathered in an unselected sample of UK primary school children

“…Repeat testing within the same visit does not lead to a systematic change in performance. Consistent with previous studies,11 12 there is a small but statistically significant change in AA associated with age in children (decrease of 0.57D/year; table 2) and a larger AA when measured under binocular compared with monocular conditions (+0.74D; table 2). Using a criterion of normality of ≥12D, 75–79% of the children in this sample had ‘normal’ monocular AAs when first tested and approximately 84% had a ‘normal’ binocular AA at the first visit (table 3).…”

Accommodation and Convergence in 10-Year-Old Prematurely Born and Full-Term Children—A Population-Based Study

“…7,27 Likewise, the prevalence of poor near-convergence (equal to or more than 7 cm) was higher than reported by other authors. 6,19 These differences may be due to the different ages of the study populations, since Chen et al 28 found that near-point convergence increases (higher value) during childhood and adolescence. Thus, a strength of the present study was the similar ages of the preterm and full-term study groups.…”

“…Forty percent (105) of them had ROP in the neonatal period and 11% (28) had been cryotreated. At that time, the criterion for treatment was ROP stage 3 in at least 4 contiguous clock hours in zone II, even in the absence of plus disease.…”

The distribution of near point of convergence, near horizontal heterophoria, and near vergence among myopic children in South Korea

“…Also, Goss and Rainey13 found near phorias are associated with the onset of myopia in children. NPC has been considered as an important factor in evaluating the vergence system, and in Chen et al’s14 study NPC tends to increase with children's age.…”