“…It may, therefore, be surprising that increased activity of the antagonist could be evidenced only in chronic migraine despite of the high rates of neck pain in both migraine groups. This suggest that motor adaptation might be associated with migraine chronification as observed for more severe neck-related disability [Florencio et al, 2014] It is possible that prolonged pain perceived in the neck region, regardless of the origin of the pain, induces changes in the behavior of cervical muscles or the way that the patient performs neck movement (e.g., fear of provoking pain or headache). Similar to our findings, increased muscle co-activation is one example of (mal) adaptive changes in neck muscle behaviour that has been seen in other primary headaches.…”