Necking mechanism under various sintering process parameters – A review

Mazlan, Mohd Rhafiq; Jamadon, Nashrah Hani; Rajabi, Armin; Sulong, Abu Bakar; Mohamed, Intan Fadhlina; Yusof, Farazila; Jamal, Nur Ayuni

doi:10.1016/j.jmrt.2023.01.013

Cited by 33 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Additive manufacturing via the selective laser sintering (SLS) technique has applications in many fields, such as the automotive, pharmaceutical, aerospace, and biomechanics industries [1][2][3][4][5]. SLS has advantages over traditional processes because it facilitates the manufacture of parametric and nonparametric parts and reduces production costs compared to conventional manufacturing techniques since it allows the manufacture of pieces without extensive tooling and can use virgin and recycled materials [6][7][8][9][10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of polyamide 12 manufactured by means of SLS: Influence of wall thickness and build direction

Rodríguez,

Mora,

Velasco

et al. 2023

Mater. Res. Express

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The wall thickness and build direction of PA 12 parts manufactured via SLS are currently being investigated for applications requiring low weight and good mechanical properties (ultimate tensile strength, elongation at break, elastic modulus, and hardness). Current design guidelines for the SLS process include recommendations about the influence of build direction on the mechanical properties of the part; however, the recommended minimum wall thickness only considers the process's manufacturability, so this study aims to determine the wall thickness and build orientation conditions that present the slightest difference in mechanical properties, considering different conditions such as vertical, horizontal, and transverse build directions and wall thicknesses of 2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 mm. Statistical differences were found between build direction, ultimate tensile stress, and elongation at break and hardness. It was observed that the significant differences in the direction of impression were between the vertical direction vs the transverse and horizontal directions. The differences were between the values of 2.0 mm vs 2.5 and 3.0 mm for the wall thickness. The mechanical properties between these last two thicknesses do not present significant differences, so it is suggested that parts manufactured with PA 12 by SLS with thicknesses of 2.5 mm could have the same tensile mechanical properties as those of 3.0 mm. The horizontal and transverse directions with a 2.5 -3.0 mm thickness showed the highest mechanical properties with an ultimate tensile stress of ≈43 MPa, a modulus of elasticity of 2.2 GPa, an elongation at break of 16-18% and a hardness of ≈75 Shore D.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical properties of polyamide 12 manufactured by means of SLS: Influence of wall thickness and build direction

Rodríguez,

Mora,

Velasco

et al. 2023

Mater. Res. Express

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“…Most of the pores are located at the grain boundaries (see Figure 8 and Figure 16 ). The movement and growth of grain boundaries change the shape and size of pores, facilitating their reduction and elimination [ 51 ]. However, impurity phases predominantly reside at the grain boundary (see Figure 16 ), exerting a pinning effect [ 52 , 53 ] that hinders grain boundary movement.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Attainment of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel with Selective Laser Sintering

Zhu,

He,

Guan

et al. 2023

Materials

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Due to the low density of the green part produced by selective laser sintering (SLS), previous reports mainly improve the sample’s density through the infiltration of low-melting metals or using isostatic pressing technology. In this study, the feasibility of preparing high-density 316L stainless steel using 316L and epoxy resin E-12 as raw materials for SLS combined with debinding and sintering was investigated. The results indicated that in an argon atmosphere, high carbon and oxygen contents, along with the uneven distribution of oxygen, led to the formation of impurity phases such as metal oxides, including Cr2O3 and FeO, preventing the effective densification of the sintered samples. Hydrogen-sintered samples can achieve a high relative density exceeding 98% without losing their original design shape. This can be attributed to hydrogen’s strong reducibility (effectively reducing the carbon and oxygen contents in the samples, improving their distribution uniformity, and eliminating impurity phases) and hydrogen’s higher thermal conductivity (about 10 times that of argon, reducing temperature gradients in the sintered samples and promoting better sintering). The microstructure of the hydrogen-sintered samples consisted of equiaxed austenite and ferrite phases. The samples exhibited the highest values of tensile strength, yield strength, and elongation at 1440 °C, reaching 513.5 MPa, 187.4 MPa, and 76.1%, respectively.

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“…PETG is mainly remembered for its strength and durability, and the plastic is resistant to high temperatures, UV rays, water, chemical solvents, and other environmental factors. All of this makes PETG an excellent filament material choice for printing parts that will be exposed to harsh environments or will be subjected to a high level of physical stress [46][47][48][49].…”

Section: Fabrication and Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Decision-Making Carbon Reinforced Material Selection Model for Composite Polymers in Pipeline Applications

Mustafa

Raja²,

Alasadi

et al. 2023

Advances in Polymer Technology

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Pipes are manufactured primarily through the extrusion process. One of the material extrusion processes in recent digital manufacturing is additive manufacturing’s fusion deposition modeling. Pipes are made from various materials such as metal and plastic/polymers, and the main challenge has been in selecting the pipe material for the customized application. For the creation of water-passing tubes, this research has chosen appropriate carbon-reinforced polymers that can be used with filament made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG). For this goal, the analytical hierarchy process, also known as the AHP, is used to choose the best material based on factors such as cost, temperature resistance, printing speed, and mechanical properties of the material. The results revealed that PEEK-CF is a better material for the customized impeller application than PETG-CF. The PEEK-CF obtains the higher priority value of 0.6363, and the PETG-CF obtains 0.2791. This decision-making technique can be used to select other comparable customized applications.

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Necking mechanism under various sintering process parameters – A review

Cited by 33 publications

References 51 publications

Mechanical properties of polyamide 12 manufactured by means of SLS: Influence of wall thickness and build direction

Mechanical properties of polyamide 12 manufactured by means of SLS: Influence of wall thickness and build direction

Investigation on the Attainment of High-Density 316L Stainless Steel with Selective Laser Sintering

A Decision-Making Carbon Reinforced Material Selection Model for Composite Polymers in Pipeline Applications

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