2023
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44349-3
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Need for Cognition is associated with a preference for higher task load in effort discounting

Josephine Zerna,
Christoph Scheffel,
Corinna Kührt
et al.

Abstract: When individuals set goals, they consider the subjective value (SV) of the anticipated reward and the required effort, a trade-off that is of great interest to psychological research. One approach to quantify the SVs of levels of difficulty of a cognitive task is the Cognitive Effort Discounting Paradigm by Westbrook and colleagues (2013). However, it fails to acknowledge the highly individual nature of effort, as it assumes a unidirectional, inverse relationship between task load and SVs. Therefore, it cannot… Show more

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Cited by 8 publications
(4 citation statements)
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“…While effort is typically viewed as something to be minimized, it can also enhance the value of outcomes and even drive our choices (Gheza et al, 2023; Inzlicht et al, 2018; Zerna et al, 2023). Stable individual differences in cognitive motivation — the tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities — have been documented with self-report measures and recently reinforced by empirical evidence (Crawford et al, 2022).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…While effort is typically viewed as something to be minimized, it can also enhance the value of outcomes and even drive our choices (Gheza et al, 2023; Inzlicht et al, 2018; Zerna et al, 2023). Stable individual differences in cognitive motivation — the tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive activities — have been documented with self-report measures and recently reinforced by empirical evidence (Crawford et al, 2022).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This observation is crucial, as effort is costly (Inzlicht et al, 2018). Individuals tend to avoid tasks that require substantial effort and even show a willingness to forego potential gains in order to avoid them (Kool et al, 2010;Westbrook et al, 2013;Zerna et al, 2023). This behavioural tendency could be The role of cognitive effort in emotion regulation 7 attributed to the finite nature of personal resources or alternatively reflect a strategic effort allocation aimed at optimising outcomes (Baumeister et al, 1998;Kurzban et al, 2013;Muraven et al, 1998;Tamir, 2021).…”
Section: Effects Of Effort In the Implementation Stagementioning
confidence: 99%
“…This positive experience of effort is also reflected in behavior (Milyavskaya et al, 2021), as not everybody and not in every situation avoids effort (Inzlicht et al, 2018;Stähler et al, 2023). Quite the contrary, some people even seem to seek effortful activities (e.g., Zerna et al, 2023).…”
Section: The Experience Of Exerting Effortmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…However, as effort is linked to success, it is often exerted to achieve worthwhile goals despite its aversiveness (e.g., Kurzban, 2016). Conversely, accumulating evidence suggests that, in certain circumstances, some people experience effort positively and inherently rewarding (Csikszentmihalyi, 1990) and even seem to seek out effortful activities for the sake of exerting effort (Zerna et al, 2023). This variability in the experience of effort is crucial for understanding why people choose to exert or avoid effort (Maltagliati et al, 2024).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%