Needle and root responses of small Pinus sylvestris seedlings exposed to sulphur dioxide and simulated acid rain

Saastamoinen, Tuula; Holopainen, Toini

doi:10.1080/02827588909382565

Cited by 15 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Malhotra 1976;Schiffgens-Gruber and Ltitz 1991;Holopainen et al 1992), in industrial environments (Soikkeli 1981) or in forest decline areas (Sutinen 1987b;Jung and Wild 1988). However, in the present study this symptom was most notable in afflicted pines with a low Mg concentration, while other symptoms typical of air pollutants (e. g. K~enlampi and Houpis 1986;Saastamoinen and Holopainen 1989) were not detected. The size of plastoglobuli was larger at the test stand compared to the control stand probably due to the reduction in thylakoids, as plastoglobuli have been reported to contain the components originated from broken thylakoids (Goodwin and Mercer 1983).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Chemical composition and ultrastructural changes in Scots pine needles in a forest decline area in southwestern Finland

Palomäki

Raitio²

1995

Trees

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Abstract. Tree decline and deaths have been observed among 15 to 20-year-old Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris L.) in a dry heath forest in southwestern Finland. The sudden decline in height growth, the dieback of leading shoots and the yellowing of needles in young shoots in the upper part of the tree are typical symptoms of the decline of these young pines. Needle ultrastructure and chemical composition of Scots pines with or without decline and fluctuations of them in different seasons were studied. Afflicted trees were found to suffer from a deficiency in calcium and magnesium with low concentration of foliar nitrogen and phosphorus observed in all the trees studied. Ultrastructural study revealed changes characteristic of different seasons and measured nutrient status of needles. A clear reduction of membrane system in chloroplasts, especially related to Mg deficiency, was observed in most samples. The symptoms related to N deficiency, the translucent appearance of the cytoplasm and chloroplast stroma, and the elongated chloroplasts, as well as swelling of mitochondria, indicating P deficiency, were also found in the needles sampled from this forest decline area. The present study showed that it is possible to detect specific nutrient deficiency symptoms in needle ultrastructure in field samples and for use as sensitive indicators of unbalanced nutrient status.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 78%

Chemical composition and ultrastructural changes in Scots pine needles in a forest decline area in southwestern Finland

Palomäki

Raitio²

1995

Trees

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“…1992). Electron microscopy of needle structures to detect the specific effects of acid rain has revealed increases in lipid accumulation, chloroplast protrusion and vesiculation of the plasma membrane and cytoplasm in the mesophyll cells of Scots pine and Norway spruce needles (Holopainen & Nygren 1989;Saastamoinen & Holopainen 1989;Back & Huttunen 1992). Increased chloroplast and starch grain size and granal stacking were seen in the needles of Norway spruce and Scots pine seedlings in response to acid rain containing both nitrate and sulphate ions (Back & Huttunen 1992), and damage to the phloem was observed in response to SO2-1-O3/PH 4 treatment (Schmitt & Ruetze 1990).…”

Section: Cellular Changes Induced By Acid Irrigationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pine needle growth and fine structure after prolonged acid rain treatment in the subarctic

Bäck

Neuvonen

Huttunen

1994

Plant Cell & Environment

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The growth and morphology of Scots pine needles were studied in a long‐term acid rain experiment in the far north of Finnish Lapland. Pine trees 5 m tall of age 50–70 years were exposed, by spraying the foliage and soil from a height of 2 m, to either clean water (IC) or acidified water over the period 1985–1992, the acidification site being divided into sub‐areas in which the precipitation contained two levels of either sulphuric (Sm, Sh) or nitric (Nm, Nh) acid, or both (SNm, SNh). The treatments with medium and high sulphate‐S over eight consecutive years yielded a total sulphur deposition of 3·4 and 17·1 gm−2, respectively, and those with medium and high nitrate‐N a total nitrogen deposition of 1·1 and 5·9 g m−2. Needles were collected for light and electron microscopy, growth measurements and morphometry. Growth in branch height had decreased by about 40% after 6 years of SNm or SNh treatment, and needle growth by 15% in the SNh trees as compared with the irrigated control trees (IC), although decreases were statistically significant only with respect to the non‐irrigated control trees (DC). Growth of branches and needles was slightly better in the Nh treatment than in the IC group. The areas of the whole needle, the mesophyll and the phloem decreased in response to SNh treatment as compared with IC or DC, and a statistically significant decrease of about 30–40% was seen in the area of the xylem in comparison with DC. Cellular damage was observed following the acid treatments, especially with a high acid load. The damage was manifested in collapse of the cellular compartments, increases in lipid accumulations and swelling or disorganization of the protoplast. Increased vacuolization of the cytoplasm, plasmalemma irregularities and chilling‐type damage to the mitochondria were also observed.

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“…Wellbum et al 1972;Malhotra 1976;K~irenlampi and Houpis 1986;Sutinen 1987). It has been claimed that some of the characteristic changes in needle ultrastructure may be attributable to gaseous pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide (K/irenlampi and Houpis 1986; Saastamoinen and Holopainen 1989) or ozone (Sutinen 1987;Sutinen et al 1990). In addition, recent studies with nutrient deficiencies have suggested that there are characteristic structural symptoms for several deficiency stresses, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Effects of drought and waterlogging on ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce needles

Palomäki

Holopainen

1994

Trees

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Abstract. Effects of water stress on needle ultrastructure of 2-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and 5-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in greenhouse experiments. Drought stress was induced by leaving seedlings without watering, and waterlogging stress was produced by submerging the seedling containers in water. Needle samples for ultrastructural analyses were collected several times during the experiments, and samples for nutrient analyses at the end of the experiments. In drought stress, plasmolysis of mesophyll and transfusion parenchyma tissues, aggregation of chloroplast stroma and its separation from thylakoids and decreased size and abundance of starch grains in needles of both species were observed. The concentration of lipid bodies around the chloroplasts were detected in pine needles. Calcium and water concentrations in spruce needles were lower by the end of the experiments compared to controls. In waterlogging treatment, swelling of phloem cells in pine needles and large starch grains, slight swelling of thylakoids and increased translucency of plastoglobuli in chloroplasts of both species studied were observed. The phosphorus concentration in pine needles was higher while phosphorus, calcium and magnesium concentrations in spruce needles were lower in the waterlogging treatments compared to controls. Typical symptoms induced by drought stress, e.g. aggregation of chloroplast stroma and its separation from thylakoids, were detected, but, in waterlogging stress, ultrastructural symptoms appeared to be related to the developing nutrient imbalance of needles.

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Needle and root responses of small Pinus sylvestris seedlings exposed to sulphur dioxide and simulated acid rain

Cited by 15 publications

References 19 publications

Chemical composition and ultrastructural changes in Scots pine needles in a forest decline area in southwestern Finland

Chemical composition and ultrastructural changes in Scots pine needles in a forest decline area in southwestern Finland

Pine needle growth and fine structure after prolonged acid rain treatment in the subarctic

Effects of drought and waterlogging on ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce needles

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