“…Environmental factors include negative life events and conditions (Beasley, Thompston, & Davidson, 2003;Kendler, Thornton, & Gardner, 2001), early health problems (Reinherz, Giaconia, Carmola Hauf, Wasserman, & Silverman, 1999), and family patterns of depressive symptomatology (Hammen & Brennan, 2001;Reinherz, Giaconia, Carmola Hauf, Wasserman, & Paradis, 2000). Among the individual factors are a particular personality style (Burke & Haslam, 2001;Skodol, 1998), personal appraisals of events (Chang, 2000), closeness to parents and family cohesion (Kraaij et al, 2003;Reinherz et al, in press), and a ruminative response to adversity (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000;Watkins & Teasdale, 2001). Some researchers have also attributed depression to negative self-appraisals, or to the gap between what is desired and reality (e.g., Brown, 1998).…”