Negative priming from ignored distractors in visual selection: A review

Fox, Elaine

doi:10.3758/bf03210958

Cited by 456 publications

(407 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…The only difference between our procedure and hers was that participants read the words on the probe trial rather than performing a lexical decision. We asked participants to read the words because the majority of NP tasks employ word-reading or color-naming rather than lexical decision (e.g., May et al, 1995, Enright et al, 1993, 1995MacDonald et al, 1999;McNally et al, 2001). NP scores were calculated by subtracting the latency to name the target word when primed by X's (i.e., control trials) from the response latency to name the same target word when primed by itself (i.e., ignored repetition trials).…”

Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a large body of research establishing the NP effect (Dalrymple-Alford & Budayr, 1966;Neill, 1977;Tipper, 1985; for reviews, see Fox, 1995;May, Kane, & Hasher, 1995;Kane, May, Hasher, Rahhal, & Stoltzfus, 1997;Tipper, 2001). However, disagreements over interpretation of the finding persist (e.g., Frings & Wentura, 2006;MacLeod, Chiappe, & Fox, 2002;Tipper, 2001).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Researchers have warned that studies of NP abnormalities in clinical populations have been widely interpreted as reflecting inhibitory difficulties without consideration of the other mechanisms thought to be involved in NP (Fox, 1995;Watson & Tipper, 1997;MacDonald, Antony, MacLeod, & Swinson, 1999). Indeed, many of the researchers of NP in OCD interpreted their results as evidence for OCs ability to inhibit distracting information.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Amir

Cobb

Morrison

2008

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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Individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) often experience intrusive thoughts. These intrusions may be due to biases in information processing mechanisms, including attention, memory, and learning. To examine this hypothesis, we presented a modified negative priming (NP) paradigm with idiographically-selected words to 19 individuals with OCD (OCs) and 19 matched non-anxious control participants (NACs). The words included OCD-relevant threat, OCD-relevant positive, and neutral words. This paradigm typically elicits positive priming because participants may learn the contingency between the prime and probe that facilitates responding (Frings, C., & Wentura, D. (2006). Strategy effects counteract distractor inhibition: Negative priming with constantly absent probe distractors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 32, 854-864). As predicted, NACs showed facilitation (i.e., positive priming) rather than NP for all word types, whereas OCs exhibited facilitation for only neutral words. For positive words, OCs exhibited no priming and for threat words they exhibited NP. These results suggest that for idiographic, OCDrelevant threat information, individuals with OCD show difficulty learning the contingency between the information in the prime and probe displays relative to the NACs.

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Section: Design and Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Amir

Cobb

Morrison

2008

Behaviour Research and Therapy

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“…Response times (RTs) on these "ignored repetition" (IR) trials are usually slower than those on control (C) trials. Since the seminal studies of Neill (1977) and Tipper (1985), a large amount ofresearch has demonstrated that negative priming occurs across a range of stimuli (words, letters, pictures, numbers, nonsense shapes), as well as across a wide variety of task demands (categorization, matching, counting, and target localization; for comprehensive reviews, see Fox, 1995;May, Kane, & Hasher, 1995;Neill & Valdes, 1996;Neill, Valdes, & Terry, 1995;Tipper & Milliken, 1996). Although the methodological variations across many studies have been valuable in demonstrating the generality of negative priming, this diversity has also created difficulties in drawing comparisons across studies (see, e.g., Fox, 1995;May et aI., 1995;Tipper & Milliken, 1996).…”

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confidence: 99%

Negative priming depends on prime-probe similarity: Evidence for episodic retrieval

Fox

Fockert

1998

Psychon Bull Rev

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“…Few, if any, NP studies control for the confound with response selection, despite the fact that it is present in the most common procedures, including those used with special populations (Hasher, Stoltzfus, Zacks, & Rypma, 1991;Kane, Hasher, Stoltzfus, Zacks, & Connelly, 1994;Metzler & Parkin, 2000;Tipper, 1991). Here, we discuss two specific NP paradigms to make this point clearer: location-based NP and Stroop NP (see Fox, 1995, andTipper, 2001, for more detailed reviews and descriptions of various procedures).…”

Section: On the Locus Of Negative Priming: Is There A Role For Responmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dissociating object- and response-based components of negative priming through effects of practice

Houghton

Marı́-Beffa

2005

Perception & Psychophysics

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The negative priming (NP) effect is the slowing of responses to an imperative stimulus (probe) that has recently been ignored (prime). Prevailing accounts of the phenomenon attribute it to a variety of causes, all centered on a representation of the stimulus event itself. However, we argue that the most commonly used NP paradigms confound stimulus-and response-based factors. In two experiments, we demonstrate the importance of response factors in producing NP and show clear empirical dissociations between object-and response-centered NP when studying their time courses over extended practice. When distractors compete for a response (response-based), the NP effect is both more robust and more resistant to the effects of practice. On the other hand, when prime distractors do not compete for response (object-based), they yield weaker NP effects that disappear with practice. We conclude that the NP effects shown in the most common procedures are produced by a combination of distinct factors that tend to act in the same direction.

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Negative priming from ignored distractors in visual selection: A review

Cited by 456 publications

References 104 publications

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Threat processing in obsessive-compulsive disorder: Evidence from a modified negative priming task

Negative priming depends on prime-probe similarity: Evidence for episodic retrieval

Dissociating object- and response-based components of negative priming through effects of practice

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