Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms

Rude, Stephanie S.; Wenzlaff, Richard M.; Gibbs, Bryce; Vane, Jennifer; Whitney, Tavia

doi:10.1080/02699930143000554

Cited by 224 publications

(211 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Results from longitudinal studies with adults suggest that information processing paradigms may reveal key processing biases underlying depression. Cognitive biases predict change in depressive symptoms in community samples (Rude, Wenzlaff, Gibbs, Vane, & Whitney, 2002). Pregnant mothers recalling more negative words on a self-referential encoding task demonstrate more symptoms of depression following childbirth (Bellow & Hill, 1991).…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective

Jacobs

Reinecke

Gollan

et al. 2008

Clinical Psychology Review

187

135

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We summarize and integrate research on cognitive vulnerability to depression among children and adolescents. We first review prospective longitudinal studies of the most researched cognitive vulnerability factors (attributional style, dysfunctional attitudes, and self-perception) and depression among youth. We next review research on information processing biases in youth. We propose that the integration of these two literatures will result in a more adequate test of cognitive vulnerability models. Last, we outline a program of research addressing methodological, statistical, and scientific limitations in the cognitive vulnerability literature.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective

Jacobs

Reinecke

Gollan

et al. 2008

Clinical Psychology Review

187

135

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Prior studies with this task revealed differences in interpretative tendencies between depressed and non-depressed samples (e.g., Hedlund & Rude, 1995;Rude, Wenzlaff, Gibbs, Vane, & Whitney, 2002). In this study, each trial started with a fixation point at the left side of the screen (to elicit left-toright reading) followed by a stimulus display depicting either a neutral or an emotional scrambled sentence.…”

Section: Interpretation Bias a Computerized Version Of The Scrambledmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis.

Everaert¹,

Duyck²,

Koster³

2014

Emotion

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Emotional biases in attention, interpretation, and memory are viewed as important cognitive processes underlying symptoms of depression. To date, there is a limited understanding of the interplay among these processing biases. This study tested the dependence of memory on depression-related biases in attention and interpretation. Subclinically depressed and nondepressed participants completed a computerized version of the scrambled sentences test (measuring interpretation bias) while their eye movements were recorded (measuring attention bias). This task was followed by an incidental free recall test of previously constructed interpretations (measuring memory bias). Path analysis revealed a good fit for the model in which selective orienting of attention was associated with interpretation bias, which in turn was associated with a congruent bias in memory. Also, a good fit was observed for a path model in which biases in the maintenance of attention and interpretation were associated with memory bias. Both path models attained a superior fit compared with path models without the theorized functional relations among processing biases. These findings enhance understanding of how mechanisms of attention and interpretation regulate what is remembered. As such, they offer support for the combined cognitive biases hypothesis or the notion that emotionally biased cognitive processes are not isolated mechanisms but instead influence each other. Implications for theoretical models and emotion regulation across the spectrum of depressive symptoms are discussed.

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“…Importantly, longitudinal studies and cognitive bias modification (CBM) research (i.e., experimental manipulation of processing biases) have shown that cognitive control deficits (Siegle, Ghinassi, & Thase, 2007;Zetsche & Joormann, 2011), biases in attention (Beevers & Carver, 2003;, interpretation (Blackwell & Holmes, 2010;Holmes, Lang, & Shah, 2009;Rude, Valdez, Odom, & Ebrahimi, 2003;Rude, Wenzlaff, Gibbs, Vane, & Whitney, 2002), and memory processes (Johnson, Joormann, & Gotlib, 2007;Raes, Williams, & Hermans, 2009;Sumner, Griffith, & Mineka, 2010) can predict and contribute to the onset and maintenance of depressive symptoms. Moreover, these distorted cognitive processes can be found in at-risk (Dearing & Gotlib, 2009;Joormann, Talbot, & Gotlib, 2007;Kujawa et al, 2011;Taylor & Ingram, 1999) and remitted (Fritzsche et al, 2010;Gilboa & Gotlib, 1997;Hedlund & Rude, 1995;, 2010 depressed samples.…”

Section: Cognitive Biases and Vulnerability For Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although empirical data from longitudinal studies have found that biases in attention (Beevers & Carver, 2003), interpretation (Rude, Durham-Fowler, Baum, Rooney, & Maestas, 2010;Rude et al, 2003;Rude et al, 2002), memory (Johnson et al, 2007;Sumner et al, 2010) and impairments in cognitive control (Zetsche & Joormann, 2011) can predict depressive symptoms and clinical depression, it is COMBINED COGNITIVE BIAS HYPOTHESIS IN DEPRESSION 25 notable that the obtained effects sizes are often small to moderate. In line with Mathews and MacLeod (2005) we believe that biased cognitive processes can have substantial effects on depression through their mutual interactions and interaction with stressful live events, affecting emotional reactivity to stress that may subsequently lead to depressive symptoms and episodes.…”

Section: Predicting Depressionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

Everaert

Koster

Derakshan

2012

Clinical Psychology Review

273

179

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Drawing from substantial evidence demonstrating cognitive biases in depression at various stages of information processing (i.e., attention, interpretation, memory, cognitive control), we argue for an approach that considers the interplay among these processes. This paper attempts to apply the combined cognitive bias hypothesis (Hirsch, Mathews, & Clark, 2006) to depression research and reviews competing theoretical frameworks that have guided research in this area. We draw on current findings from behavioral studies on the interplay between depression-related processing biases. These data indicate that various cognitive biases are associated. However, it is not clear whether single or multiple biases are most predictive of depressive symptoms. We conclude this article with theoretical and clinical implications of the current state of research in this field and propose a number of ways in which research on the combined cognitive bias hypothesis can be advanced. A State-of-the-art Major depression is a prevalent psychiatric disorder that is associated with debilitating symptomatic suffering, functional impairments, and high societal costs (Kessler & Wang, 2009). Notwithstanding a range of well-established psychological and pharmacological interventions, relapse and recurrence rates of depression remain high (Vittengl, Clark, Dunn, & Jarrett, 2007) indicating that current therapies do not sufficiently address vulnerability factors for this burdensome disorder. Moreover, with each successive depressive episode the risk for recurrence increases (Boland & Keller, 2009), which points to an expanding vulnerability with multiple episodes. Hence, profound insight into the mechanisms involved in the etiology and maintenance of major depression seems essential in improving contemporary treatment options and the prevention of depression.In the past three decades, research inspired by cognitive accounts of depression has been successful in identifying vulnerability factors for this disorder. Apart from substantial research examining depressive cognitive content as a vulnerability factor (e.g., negative thoughts), a promising line of research highlights the role of cognitive biases in the development, maintenance, and relapse/recurrence of depression (for reviews see Mathews & MacLeod, 2005). Research efforts in this particular area of interest have typically focused on abnormalities in attention, interpretation, and memory processes, which are considered to be instrumental in the understanding of the processes involved in these cognitive biases. More recently, there is growing interest into cognitive and neural mechanisms underlying cognitive control impairments, which may operate across a variety of cognitive biases. Indeed a substantial number of studies on emotional information processing in depressed samples provide evidence that depression is characterized by attention, interpretation, and memory biases, especially for negative information (see below). COMBINED COGNITIVE BIAS HYPOTHESIS IN DEPRESSION 4This resea...

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Negative processing biases predict subsequent depressive symptoms

Cited by 224 publications

References 44 publications

Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective

Empirical evidence of cognitive vulnerability for depression among children and adolescents: A cognitive science and developmental perspective

Attention, interpretation, and memory biases in subclinical depression: A proof-of-principle test of the combined cognitive biases hypothesis.

The combined cognitive bias hypothesis in depression

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