Negative recency in initial free recall.

Gardiner, John M.; Thompson, Charles P.; Maskarinec, Ann Stash

doi:10.1037/h0036829

Cited by 46 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…The first is that recency items may be less well registered in secondary memory, because following delayed recall, negative recency has been observed under certain circumstances (Craik, 1970;Gardiner, Thompson, & Maskarinec, 1974). Second, not all items presented necessarily enter primary memory.…”

Section: Modified Waugh and Norman Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory span as a measure of individual differences in memory capacity

Martin

1978

Memory & Cognition

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Two experiments were carried out to investigate whether the immediate digit span measure traditionally used in the assessment of individual differences in cognition is a good predictor of performance on other memory tasks. In the first experiment, it was found that subjects' digit spans were not significantly related to their performances on either short-term or longterm memory tasks, or to theoretical measures of their memory store capacities. Memory for the temporal occurrence of events, however, proved to be positively correlated with digit span. A second experiment confirmed that digit span was correlated with memory for the temporal occurrence of events. but not with item memory. Thus it was concluded that an individual's digit span reflects his ability to retain information about the order of a sequence of events rather than the capacity of his short-or long-term memory.

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Section: Modified Waugh and Norman Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory span as a measure of individual differences in memory capacity

Martin

1978

Memory & Cognition

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“…We manipulated the delay between the end of the presentation phase and the recall phase. This should mainly affect the recency part of the curve (an effect known at least since Craik, 1970;Gardiner, Thompson, & Maskarinec, 1974;Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966). Symmetrically, the presentation rates were also manipulated, in order to affect only the pre-recency part of the curve (an effect known at least since Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966;Roberts, 1972).…”

Section: Applying the Personalization Methods To A Free-recall Taskmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of long-term working memory through personalization applied to free recall: Uncurbing the primacy-effect enthusiasm

et al. 2013

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In this study, a personalization method (Guida, Tardieu, & Nicolas, European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 21: 862-896 2009) was applied to a freerecall task. Fifteen pairs of words, composed of an object and a location, were presented to 93 participants, who had to mentally associate each pair and subsequently recall the objects. A 30-s delay was introduced on half of the trials, the presentation rate was manipulated (5 or 10 s per item), and verbal and visuospatial working memory tests were administered to test for their effects on the serial curve. Two groups were constituted: a personalized group, for whom the locations were well-known places on their university campus, and a nonpersonalized group, for whom the locations did not refer to known places. Since personalization putatively operationalizes long-term working memory (Ericsson & Kintsch, Psychological Review, 102: 211-245 1995)-namely, the capacity to store information reliably and rapidly in long-term memory-and if we take a dualstore approach to memory, the personalization advantage would be expected to be greater for pre-recency than for recency items. Overall, the results were compatible with long-term working memory theory. They contribute to validating the personalization method as a methodology to characterize the contribution of long-term memory storage to performance in working memory tasks.Keywords Working memory . Long-term working memory . Personalization . Free recall As has been stated by Rose, Myerson, Roediger, and Hale (2010), recent influential theories of working memory (WM) have been built around the link between long-term memory (LTM) and WM, postulating that WM is the activated portion of

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“…Some of this evidence comes from behavioral studies showing dissociations of primacy and recency effects. For example, the recency effect can be selectively diminished and eventually eliminated by delaying recall (see, e.g., Gardiner, Thompson, & Maskarinec, 1974;Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966;Postman & Phillips, 1965;Roediger & Crowder, 1975) or recognition (see, e.g., Korsnes, 1995;Korsnes & Gilinsky, 1993;Neath, 1993b;Neath & Knoedler, 1994;Wright et aI., 1985). The primacy effect can be selectively diminished by fast presentation rates (Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966), low word frequency (Sumby, 1963), larger number of language categories in the list (Tulving & Colotla, 1970), long list lengths (Murdock, 1962), or alcohol intoxication (Jones, 1973) and is eliminated in mental retardation (Belmont & Butterfield, 1971).…”

Section: Dissociations and The Modal Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Auditory and visual serial position functions obey different laws

Wright¹

1998

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Rhesus monkeys were tested in serial probe recognition tasks with either travel slide pictures or natural sounds. Tests with four-item lists produced serial position functions that were essentially opposite in shape for the two modalities and changed in opposite ways with retention interval. For visual memory, the primacy effect grew and the recency effect dissipated with retention interval. Capuchin monkeys, humans, and pigeons showed similar results. For auditory memory with rhesus monkeys, the recency effect grew and the primacy effect dissipated with retention interval. These results taken together, along with results from rehearsal tests of monkeys and humans, implicate two passive memory processes with different time courses. Interference among items within auditory lists was manipulated by varying the time between items and categories of items. Interference across lists was manipulated by varying the item pool size and, hence, item repetitions. Changes in the auditory serial position functions indicated that proactive and retroactive interference may have been instrumental in these dynamically changing serial position functions. Implications for theories and models of memory are discussed.The focus of this article is on visual and auditory list memory experiments with rhesus monkeys that my collaborators and I have conducted over the past 20 years. It took us several years to develop visual list memory procedures in which monkeys would perform at a high level of accuracy. Even more years were spent developing adequate auditory list memory procedures. Considerable development was required before the monkeys learned even the basic rudiments of the auditory task. Experiments from both tasks revealed serial position functions that changed in an orderly fashion across a range of retention intervals. The shapes were, however, different and essentially opposite for the two modalities. These results and others may be revealing about some of the basic mechanisms of short-term recognition memory in monkeys. Some aspects may be relevant for human memory. Similar visual memory findings have been shown for humans as well as rhesus monkeys, capuchin monkeys, and pigeons. RATIONALE FOR TESTING MONKEY LIST MEMORYList memory is perhaps best characterized by the serial position function. Memory is typically found to be best for the first items of a list (primacy effect) and the last items of a list (recency effect) and poorest in the middle. This U-shape This research was partially supported by PHS Grants MH-35202, MH-54167, and DA-l07l5. The author gratefully acknowledges the careful assistance of Jackie Rivera and the help and encouragement on the manuscript from Roddy Roediger, Endel Tulving, Michael Watkins, and an unidentified reviewer. Reprints may be obtained from the author at

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Negative recency in initial free recall.

Cited by 46 publications

References 16 publications

Memory span as a measure of individual differences in memory capacity

Memory span as a measure of individual differences in memory capacity

The effect of long-term working memory through personalization applied to free recall: Uncurbing the primacy-effect enthusiasm

Auditory and visual serial position functions obey different laws

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