Neighborhood Effects, Mental Illness and Criminal Behavior: A Review

Freedman, David; Woods, George W.

doi:10.5539/jpl.v6n3p1

Cited by 22 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 110 publications

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“…The impact of trust on the association between neighborhood disorder and social problems is of considerable interest and has generated mounting empirical support (Sampson, 2008;Sampson and Graif, 2009;Freedman and Woods, 2013). The present study adds to prior work by showing that individuals with higher perceptions of neighborhood disorder differ in their neural processing of facial trustworthiness.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

“…Residents in neighborhoods with high disorder exhibit poorer physical and mental health and are at higher risk for being both the victims and perpetrators of crime (see Freedman and Woods, 2013 for review). Researchers suggest that the elevated rates of social problems (e.g., crime) in neighborhoods with high levels of disorder may relate to weakened trust in one's neighbor and in individuals outside of the neighborhood (Sampson et al, 1997(Sampson et al, , 2008Freedman and Woods, 2013). Notably, residents in neighborhoods marked by high disorder report increased fear of victimization by others (Ross and Mirowsky, 2009), decreased trust in their neighbors and in general (Ross et al, 2001;Marschall and Stolle, 2004;Ross, 2011), and reduced trust in the police (Nix et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Living in a Disadvantaged Neighborhood Affects Neural Processing of Facial Trustworthiness

Chang

Baskin‐Sommers

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Neighborhood disorder (i.e., physical or social decay) is associated with decreased trust, which reinforces criminal behavior among some individuals in these communities. However, past research largely is descriptive and has not measured processes underlying trust. Using behavioral and neural indices [the late positive potential (LPP), a marker of salience elaboration] in a sample of adults (N = 55), we examined the association between perceived neighborhood disorder and facial trustworthiness perception as well as the potential moderating role of trustworthiness perception on the association between PND and criminal behavior. Individuals with higher perceived neighborhood disorder displayed less LPP differentiation between untrustworthy and trustworthy faces. Moreover, individuals with higher perceived neighborhood disorder and less LPP differentiation were less likely to commit a variety of crimes, whereas those with higher perceptions of neighborhood disorder and high LPP differentiation were more likely to commit a variety of crimes. Combined, these findings suggest that similarly processing trustworthy and untrustworthy faces, as indexed by less LPP differentiation, may reflect an adaptation among those with higher perceived neighborhood disorder that mitigates against deviant behavior and contacts with the law. Understanding the intersection between neighborhood characteristics and individual-level cognitiveaffective processing may provide insight into what shapes beliefs and behaviors about important social information.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 51%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living in a Disadvantaged Neighborhood Affects Neural Processing of Facial Trustworthiness

Chang

Baskin‐Sommers

2020

Front. Psychol.

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“…Imaging data were preprocessed using the following steps: (1) correction for slice-dependent time shifts; (2) removal of first 4 images of each run to allow BOLD signal to reach steady state; (3) elimination of odd/even slice intensity differences due to interpolated acquisition; (4) realignment of data acquired from each participant within and across scan runs to compensate for rigid body motion (Ojemann et al, 1997); (5) image intensity normalization to a whole-brain mode value of 1000; (6) registration of the 3D structural volume (T1) to an atlas template (WU “711-2B”) in the Talairach coordinate system (Talairach & Tournoux, 1988) using a 12-parameter affine transform and re-sampling to 1mm cubic representation (44, 45); (7) co-registration of the 3D fMRI volume to the T2, and the T2 to the participant’s T1 structural image; and (8) transformation of the fMRI data to 3×3×3mm voxel atlas space using a single affine 12-parameter transform. Additional processing of the resting state functional connectivity used in-house software and is described in more detail in the Supplemental Materials.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Children who grow up in poverty have poorer cognitive and educational outcomes and are at a higher risk for a range of mental illness, including depression and antisocial behaviors (8). The mechanisms by which poverty contributes to these negative developmental outcomes in children are multifaceted and include factors such as limitations on educational opportunities, family stress, and adverse environmental exposures, such as lead, cigarette smoke, poor nutrition and air pollution (3, 6, 9). …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Hippocampal and Amygdala Connectivity on the Relationship Between Preschool Poverty and School-Age Depression

Deanna¹,

Pagliaccio

Belden³

et al. 2016

AJP

121

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Objective This study tested the hypothesis that poverty experienced in early childhood, as measured by income-to-needs ratio, impacts functional brain connectivity at school age, which in turn mediates influences on child negative mood/depression. Method Participants were from a prospective longitudinal study of emotion development. Preschoolers 3–5 years of age were originally ascertained from primary care and day care sites in the St. Louis area and then were annually assessed behaviorally for up to 12 years. Healthy preschoolers and those with a history of depression symptoms participated in neuroimaging at school age. Using fMRI, we examined whole brain resting state functional connectivity with bilateral hippocampus and amygdala. Results Lower income-to-needs in preschool was associated with reduced connectivity between hippocampus and amygdala and a number of regions at school-age, including superior frontal cortex, lingual gyrus, posterior cingulate and putamen. Lower income-to-needs predicted greater negative mood/depression severity at school age, as did connectivity between left hippocampus and right superior frontal cortex and between right amygdala and right lingual gyrus. Connectivity mediated the relationship between income-to-needs and negative mood/depression at the time of scan. Conclusions The finding that lower income-to-needs in early childhood related to connectivity of the hippocampus and the amygdala, which in turn predicted negative mood/depression at school age, further highlights a critical role for poverty in shaping brain development and elucidates a relationship to negative child outcomes.

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“…T here is robust evidence that early experiences of poverty and other forms of early adversity experienced prenatally (1)(2)(3) and/or postnatally (4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) contribute to an increased risk for poor developmental outcomes, including mental health problems in childhood and adulthood. The overwhelming evidence of such associations has encouraged efforts aimed at early intervention and prevention (11,13).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testosterone and hippocampal trajectories mediate relationship of poverty to emotion dysregulation and depression

Deanna

Shirtcliff

Elsayed

et al. 2020

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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There is robust evidence that early poverty is associated with poor developmental outcomes, including impaired emotion regulation and depression. However, the specific mechanisms that mediate this risk are less clear. Here we test the hypothesis that one pathway involves hormone mechanisms (testosterone and DHEA) that contribute to disruption of hippocampal brain development, which in turn contributes to perturbed emotion regulation and subsequent risk for depression. To do so, we used data from 167 children participating in the Preschool Depression Study, a longitudinal study that followed children from preschool (ages 3 to 5 y) to late adolescence, and which includes prospective assessments of poverty in preschool, measures of testosterone, DHEA, and hippocampal volume across school age and adolescence, and measures of emotion regulation and depression in adolescence. Using multilevel modeling and linear regression, we found that early poverty predicted shallower increases of testosterone, but not DHEA, across development, which in turn predicted shallower trajectories of hippocampal development. Further, we found that early poverty predicted both impaired emotion regulation and depression. The relationship between early poverty and self-reported depression in adolescence was explained by serial mediation through testosterone to hippocampus to emotion dysregulation. There were no significant interactions with sex. These results provide evidence about a hormonal pathway by which early poverty may contribute to disrupted brain development and risk for mental health problems later in life. Identification of such pathways provide evidence for potential points of intervention that might help mitigate the impact of early adversity on brain development.

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Neighborhood Effects, Mental Illness and Criminal Behavior: A Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 110 publications

Living in a Disadvantaged Neighborhood Affects Neural Processing of Facial Trustworthiness

Living in a Disadvantaged Neighborhood Affects Neural Processing of Facial Trustworthiness

Effect of Hippocampal and Amygdala Connectivity on the Relationship Between Preschool Poverty and School-Age Depression

Testosterone and hippocampal trajectories mediate relationship of poverty to emotion dysregulation and depression

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