Neighborhood Walkability and Housing Affordability among U.S. Urban Areas

Bereitschaft, Bradley

doi:10.3390/urbansci3010011

Cited by 22 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Housing affordability can be generally defined as households obtaining appropriate housing without incurring excessive financial burden (Bereitschaft, 2019; Isalou et al, 2014; Saberi et al, 2017). The threshold provided by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) in 2018 for affordable housing is that households should not spend more than 30% of their income on housing.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated analysis of housing and transit affordability in the Chicago metropolitan area

Kwan

Kan

Song

2021

Geographical Journal

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An integrated analysis of housing and transport affordability provides comprehensive insights into the affordability of different locations in a city. By focusing on transit-based workers, who constitute a significant portion of commuters but are understudied in the affordability literature, this study proposes a new, integrated method for estimating housing and transit (H + T) affordability in the Chicago Metropolitan Area using census data and data from the Google Maps Directions API. Methodologically, the study contributes to the literature by proposing and implementing a new method that estimates H + T affordability in an integrated manner based on census data and data from the Google Maps Directions API across three types of housing occupants (i.e., owners with/without a mortgage and renters). Empirically, the results indicate varying H + T affordability distribution patterns among different types of housing occupants and provide a comprehensive picture of housing and transport affordability in the study area without incurring prohibitive time and cost of data collection. The study indicates that policy-makers should consider expanding the existing concessionary fare scheme to include low-income residents and establishing affordable housing programmes that subsidise not only mortgage/rent but also miscellaneous costs related to housing (such as utilities) in order to improve the overall H + T affordability for different types of housing occupants.

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

An integrated analysis of housing and transit affordability in the Chicago metropolitan area

Kwan

Kan

Song

2021

Geographical Journal

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“…Though studies have compared multiple walkability indices in regard to their ability to predict walking behaviour and physical activity (Frank et al, 2021; Manaugh and El-Geneidy, 2011), studies investigating the potential relationships between walkability and various outcomes or neighbourhood conditions have generally relied on only one index (e.g. Bereitschaft, 2019; Chiu et al, 2015; Lee and Contreras, 2021), with Walk Score among the most frequently used. The results of this study underscore the importance of considering walkability from different angles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The changing ethno-racial profile of ‘very walkable’ urban neighbourhoods in the US (2010–2020): Are minorities under-represented?

Bereitschaft

2022

Urban Studies

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Neighbourhood walkability has increasingly been viewed as an amenity that may confer substantial health, social and economic benefits. As walkable neighbourhoods become increasingly desirable, there is concern that disadvantaged groups – particularly lower-income and minority households – may be displaced or excluded from these spaces. This investigation assesses whether minorities, and Black residents in particular, are increasingly under-represented in urban neighbourhoods with high walkability by examining demographic changes between 2010 and 2020 across approximately 43,000 urban census tracts. The results suggest a negative association between Black and ‘other’ non-White residents and neighbourhood walkability when controlling for confounding factors. Blacks were also the only major ethno-racial group to decline in absolute number within the nation’s most walkable (i.e. Walk Score®≥90) urban neighbourhoods between 2010 and 2020. Implications for social equity and justice are discussed.

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“…While our results support the notion that income and distance from the hospital are well known determinants for the outcomes in the residents of a neighborhood (Agarwal et al, 2014), some other unmeasured variables of a living space can influence the eventual outcome in chest pain patients. For instance, variables such as walkability of a neighborhood can influence cardiac outcomes (Howell et al, 2019), and the relationship between walkability and income is in the City of Pittsburgh widely varies (Bereitschaft, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Your neighborhood matters: A machine‐learning approach to the geospatial and social determinants of health in 9‐1‐1 activated chest pain

Faramand

Alrawashdeh

Helman

et al. 2021

Research in Nursing & Health

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Healthcare disparities in the initial management of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) exist. Yet, the complexity of interactions between demographic, social, economic, and geospatial determinants of health hinders incorporating such predictors in existing risk stratification models. We sought to explore a machine-learning-based approach to study the complex interactions between the geospatial and social determinants of health to explain disparities in ACS likelihood in an urban community.This study identified consecutive patients transported by Pittsburgh emergency medical service for a chief complaint of chest pain or ACS-equivalent symptoms. We extracted demographics, clinical data, and location coordinates from electronic health records. Median income was based on US census data by zip code. A random forest (RF) classifier and a regularized logistic regression model were used to identify the most important predictors of ACS likelihood. Our final sample included 2400 patients (age 59 ± 17 years, 47% Females, 41% Blacks, 15.8% adjudicated ACS). In our RF model (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.71 ± 0.03) age, prior revascularization, income, distance from hospital, and residential neighborhood were the most important predictors of ACS likelihood. In regularized regression (akaike information criterion = 1843, bayesian information criterion = 1912, χ 2 = 193, df = 10, p < 0.001), residential neighborhood remained a significant and independent predictor of ACS likelihood. Findings from our study suggest that residential neighborhood constitutes an upstream factor to explain the observed healthcare disparity in ACS risk prediction, independent from known demographic, social, and economic determinants of health, which can inform future work on ACS prevention, in-hospital care, and patient discharge.

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Neighborhood Walkability and Housing Affordability among U.S. Urban Areas

Cited by 22 publications

References 51 publications

An integrated analysis of housing and transit affordability in the Chicago metropolitan area

An integrated analysis of housing and transit affordability in the Chicago metropolitan area

The changing ethno-racial profile of ‘very walkable’ urban neighbourhoods in the US (2010–2020): Are minorities under-represented?

Your neighborhood matters: A machine‐learning approach to the geospatial and social determinants of health in 9‐1‐1 activated chest pain

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