Neodymium-doped ion-exchanged waveguide lasers in BK-7 glass

Mwarania, E.K.; Wang, Ji; Lane, Jamie; Wilkinson, James S.

doi:10.1109/50.249895

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Furthermore, they increase the speed of the exchange process and most importantly offer the possibility to control the spatial profile of the waveguides. There is a large number of reports in the literature on laser operation of rare-earth activated channel waveguides fabricated by thermalor electric field-activated ion exchange in different glasses including phosphates [255,[259][260][261][262][263][264][265][266][267][268][269][270][271][272][273], silicates [274][275][276][277][278][279][280], and borosilicates [281][282][283][284][285][286]. …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

194

102

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Abstract:The tremendous interest in the field of waveguide lasers in the past two decades is largely attributed to the geometry of the gain medium, which provides the possibility to store optical energy on a very small dimension in the form of an optical mode. This allows for realization of sources with enhanced optical gain, low lasing threshold, and small footprint and opens up exciting possibilities in the area of integrated optics by facilitating their on-chip integration with different functionalities and highly compact photonic circuits. Moreover, this geometrical concept is compatible with high power diode pumping schemes as it provides exceptional thermal management, minimizing the impact of thermal loading on laser performance. The proliferation of techniques for fabrication and processing capable of producing high optical quality waveguides has greatly contributed to the growth of waveguide lasers from a topic of fundamental research to an area that encompasses a variety of practical applications. In this first part of the review on optically pumped waveguide lasers the properties that distinguish these sources from other classes of lasers will be discussed. Furthermore, the current state-of-the art in terms of fabrication tools used for producing waveguide lasers is reviewed from the aspects of the processes and the materials involved. 2 1.IntroductionOver the last two decades the field of solid-state planar waveguide lasers has experienced a steady growth, progressing from a laboratory curiosity to an area that demonstrates a broad spectrum of applications, from multiwavelength laser channel arrays for telecommunications to diode-pumped planar structures with multiwatt output powers for sensing and ranging applications. Waveguide lasers are by no means a new field and the first report on such a source dates back in 1961, when laser operation of a waveguide based on an active glass core rod embedded in a low refractive index cladding was demonstrated [1]. However research efforts in the years that followed this report focused primarily on the development of optically pumped laser sources based on high optical quality bulk dielectric laser media in the form of rods and slabs. The merits of the waveguide geometry and the associated optical confinement have been first highlighted in single mode glass optical fibers. Fibers have proven an enabling technology for realization of highly efficient amplifier and laser sources owing to their unrivalled low loss performance and ability to maintain a small spot size and hence high intensities over lengths that are orders of magnitude longer than would normally be allowed by diffraction, [2,3]. Er-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) in particular have directly contributed to the enormous expansion of the optical communications networks that underpin today's internet infrastructure by allowing for signal regeneration and optical data transmission over long distances. The excellent performance of fiber lasers and amplifiers provided motivation and triggered a major techn...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Optically pumped planar waveguide lasers, Part I: Fundamentals and fabrication techniques

Grivas

2011

Progress in Quantum Electronics

194

102

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“…6 11.0 B, 3.8 Na, 1.8 K, 0.8 Ba) in a 13.56 MHz magnetron sputtering apparatus in Ar atmosphere. On the back side of the slides we deposited a 150 nm thick metallic Au film as the ohmic contact with the iron electrode.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the surface doping of silicate glasses for the production of active devices has been scarcely exploited so far. Up to now, ion-exchanged active waveguides have been obtained mainly with Ag + -Na + or K + -Na + ion exchange in glasses where active ions, usually rare earths, were dispersed in the melt [9][10][11]. In fact, the process of ion exchange directly from molten salts of TM ions or rare earths is quite difficult to realize, being limited by the low mobility of these ion species in the glass network, and so it is possible only for glasses with particular compositions, often unsuitable for the production of optoelectronic devices [12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chromium doping of silicate glasses by field-assisted solid-state ion exchange

Cattaruzza

Battaglin

Gonella

et al. 2011

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids

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“…An extension of this waveguide fabrication technique involves using a focused CW UV-laser ( nm) beam to directly write buried single-mode channel waveguides into a germanosilicate film [4]. Several other methods, such as flame hydrolysis deposition [5], sol-gel processing and spin-coating [6], and ion-exchange [7] have also been used to produce active silica devices. However, the evolution of silica glass into a mature technology and its dramatic impact on telecommunications has also served to highlight its limitations in active planar operation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%