Neonatal Screening for Medium-Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency—Alternative Approaches

Abstract

Abstract:The challenges inherent in many newborn screening programmes for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency could be overcome by better use of the available second-line tests. Application of "next generation" technologies could minimize many of the problems generated by the current approach to genetic analysis. (Comment on Maier EM. Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2015, 1, 79-88)Keywords: medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase; newborn screening; neonatal screening To the EditorThe success of a screening programme rests on the ability to define the condition in question and to optimize the balance between sensitivity and specificity. Newborn screening for medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency (MCADD) is based initially on the detection of increased octanoylcarnitine using tandem mass-spectometry. This is an unspecific marker and reliable second-tier tests are essential. Maier describes the difficulties that arise from using comprehensive analysis of the ACADM gene for this. Sensitivity is high but specificity low. Homozygosity for the c.985A>G mutation is the most common genotype in MCADD in North-West Europe, constituting 80% of clinically-diagnosed cases in England but only 53% of screening-detected cases [1]. In a wider survey [2] only six of the 36 ACADM gene variants detected in screening-positive cases had also been identified in the clinically-presenting disorder making the presence of two variant alleles unsuitable as the sole diagnostic criterion.Alternative approaches are available. Derks et al. suggest that measurement of MCAD activity in leukocytes or lymphocytes using phenylpropionyl-CoA as substrate should be the diagnostic gold-standard [3]. However this approach is only practicable if presumptive positive cases can all be referred to a specialist centre with appropriate laboratory facilities. Urine travels better and it contains increased amounts of hexanoylglycine in MCAD deficiency. Hexanoylglycine was reported as "detectable" in 25 of 29 samples collected for confirmation of positive screening results irrespective of whether the genotype was classed as mild or severe [4]. Quantitative analysis by stable-isotope dilution gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is a better discriminant [5]. In the English pilot study [1] only one of 93 screening-positive babies with a genotype previously reported from clinically-affected cases had urinary hexanoylglycine <8 micromol/mmol creatinine. This contrasts with 42% of cases with two ACADM mutations and a genotype of "uncertain" significance ( Figure 1).

MCAD-Deficiency with Severe Neonatal Onset, Fatal Outcome and Normal Acylcarnitine Profile

“…Protein misfolding leading to thermal lability of the variant MCAD protein has been described as a frequent reason for reduced MCAD activity, and hence is probably the most frequent underlying cause of MCADD [3,4]. The differences in genotype distribution of the pre-and post-screening era have been described by several groups [5][6][7], as well as the problem of definite confirmation of the presumptive diagnosis [8], or the prediction of the risk of metabolic decompensation in early diagnosed patients [9,10]. In addition to the increased number of cases detected by newborn screening, there are also a few cases that were missed by newborn screening [11], or that had a fatal outcome even before the newborn screening result had become available [12].…”