Neonicotinoid pesticides and the perspectives of their use with respect to the toxicological properties (literature review)
Abstract: The purpose of the Research. Analysis and generalization of current literature data on the toxicological properties of neon-icotinoid pesticides and the justification of their prospects for further use in view of human health hazards. Methods and Materials of the Research. Analytical methods were used in the work: collection of scientific information on the problem, analysis of the abstract database and scientific generalization of the obtained results. Results and Conclusions. On the basis of the analytical… Show more
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RESUME. Pesticides occupy one of the priority places among environmental pollutants. The hepatobiliary system disorder is a characteristic of most pesticides. The hepatotoxic effect of synthetic plant growth regulators (PGRs) based on pyridine N-oxide isn’t explored enough. The hepatotoxic effect PGR nature finding is an important aspect of preventive toxicology. Aim. To study the effect of some pyridine-N-oxide methyl derivatives on the liver functional state under a single oral dosage into the body. Materials and Methods. For the research were used PGRs – 2.6-dimethylpyridine-N-oxide (Ivin), 99.9 % and complex 2.6- dimethylpyridine-N-oxide with succinic acid (Poteitin), 99.9 %. During the experiment which was carried out on male Wistar Han rats, it was a single oral administration of aqueous solution form of test substances: Ivin in doses of 650 and 13 mg/kg and Poteitin in doses 1150 and 23 mg/kg. The activity of the alanineaminotransferase (ALT), aspartateaminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the content of total proteins, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea and creatinine in the blood serum were determined on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day using “Filisit- Diagnostics” reagent kit. EPR signals (g-2.25; g-2.14; g-2.05; g-2.03; g-2.00; g-1.97; g-1.94) were determined in liver tissue on the radio spectrophotometer “Varian E-109” (USA) at a temperature of 77 K. The results. Ivin at a dose of 13 mg/kg in particular study periods significantly increased the content of urea and glucose. At a dose of 650 mg/kg, the activity of AST, the content of urea, creatinine, and glucose significantly increased, and the activity of ALP decreased. Poteitin in a dose of 23 mg/kg in particular study times significantly increased the content of urea and creatinine, and the activity of ALP in the blood serum. At a dose of 1150 mg/kg, a significant decrease in the activity of ALP, and an increase in the content of urea, creatinine and glucose in the blood serum were revealed. The majority of liver EPR signals were reduced due to the influence of Ivin and Poteitin in both studied doses in different terms. Ivin at a dose of 13 mg/kg decreased the content of Mo7+-containing proteins and free radicals (FR) on 1st and 7th days respectively. At a dose of 650 mg/kg increased the content of iron-sulfur proteins (ISP) in 1stday of experiment and there was a decrease in the content of cytochrome P-450 (CytP-450), nitrosyl complexes, ISP and free radicals (FR) in 7 days. Poteitin at a dose of 23 mg/kg decreased the content of cyt-P-450, FR, ISP, and Mo7+–containing proteins, and increased the content of Cu2+-containing proteins. At a dose of 1150 mg/kg, there was a decrease in the content of cyt-P-450, BP, and ISP (for 1st and 3th days) and their increase for 7 days. Conclusions. With acute oral exposure, Ivin and Poteitin show a weak hepatotropic effect, characterized by a hyperglycemia, a slight decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and an increase in urea and creatinine levels in the blood serum. Hyperglycemia can be associated with a stressogenic reaction to a chemical factor. This may indicate a carbohydrate metabolism disorders and various pathological conditions with long-term exposure to the studied substances. Intensification of the protein degradation and the accumulation of urea and creatinine in the blood serum can lead to a disorder of the filtering and excretory functions of the kidneys, which requires further research and clarification. Ivin and Poteitin reduce the EPR spectra of rat liver – cyt-P-450, free radicals, iron-sulfur proteins, nitrosyl complexes of non-heme iron, which indicates a decrease in the activity of the monooxygenase system, inhibition of oxidation processes, the formation disruption of iron-sulfur complexes and a decrease in the labile nitrosyl complex formation. A decrease in the content of Mo7+-containing proteins and an increase in the content of Cu2+-containing proteins may be associated with the activation of antiradical processes in the liver of rats. Key Words: plant growth regulators, Ivin, Poteitin, hepatotoxic effect, liver EPR spectra.
RESUME. Pesticides occupy one of the priority places among environmental pollutants. The hepatobiliary system disorder is a characteristic of most pesticides. The hepatotoxic effect of synthetic plant growth regulators (PGRs) based on pyridine N-oxide isn’t explored enough. The hepatotoxic effect PGR nature finding is an important aspect of preventive toxicology. Aim. To study the effect of some pyridine-N-oxide methyl derivatives on the liver functional state under a single oral dosage into the body. Materials and Methods. For the research were used PGRs – 2.6-dimethylpyridine-N-oxide (Ivin), 99.9 % and complex 2.6- dimethylpyridine-N-oxide with succinic acid (Poteitin), 99.9 %. During the experiment which was carried out on male Wistar Han rats, it was a single oral administration of aqueous solution form of test substances: Ivin in doses of 650 and 13 mg/kg and Poteitin in doses 1150 and 23 mg/kg. The activity of the alanineaminotransferase (ALT), aspartateaminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), the content of total proteins, glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol, urea and creatinine in the blood serum were determined on the 1st, 3rd, and 7th day using “Filisit- Diagnostics” reagent kit. EPR signals (g-2.25; g-2.14; g-2.05; g-2.03; g-2.00; g-1.97; g-1.94) were determined in liver tissue on the radio spectrophotometer “Varian E-109” (USA) at a temperature of 77 K. The results. Ivin at a dose of 13 mg/kg in particular study periods significantly increased the content of urea and glucose. At a dose of 650 mg/kg, the activity of AST, the content of urea, creatinine, and glucose significantly increased, and the activity of ALP decreased. Poteitin in a dose of 23 mg/kg in particular study times significantly increased the content of urea and creatinine, and the activity of ALP in the blood serum. At a dose of 1150 mg/kg, a significant decrease in the activity of ALP, and an increase in the content of urea, creatinine and glucose in the blood serum were revealed. The majority of liver EPR signals were reduced due to the influence of Ivin and Poteitin in both studied doses in different terms. Ivin at a dose of 13 mg/kg decreased the content of Mo7+-containing proteins and free radicals (FR) on 1st and 7th days respectively. At a dose of 650 mg/kg increased the content of iron-sulfur proteins (ISP) in 1stday of experiment and there was a decrease in the content of cytochrome P-450 (CytP-450), nitrosyl complexes, ISP and free radicals (FR) in 7 days. Poteitin at a dose of 23 mg/kg decreased the content of cyt-P-450, FR, ISP, and Mo7+–containing proteins, and increased the content of Cu2+-containing proteins. At a dose of 1150 mg/kg, there was a decrease in the content of cyt-P-450, BP, and ISP (for 1st and 3th days) and their increase for 7 days. Conclusions. With acute oral exposure, Ivin and Poteitin show a weak hepatotropic effect, characterized by a hyperglycemia, a slight decrease in the activity of alkaline phosphatase and an increase in urea and creatinine levels in the blood serum. Hyperglycemia can be associated with a stressogenic reaction to a chemical factor. This may indicate a carbohydrate metabolism disorders and various pathological conditions with long-term exposure to the studied substances. Intensification of the protein degradation and the accumulation of urea and creatinine in the blood serum can lead to a disorder of the filtering and excretory functions of the kidneys, which requires further research and clarification. Ivin and Poteitin reduce the EPR spectra of rat liver – cyt-P-450, free radicals, iron-sulfur proteins, nitrosyl complexes of non-heme iron, which indicates a decrease in the activity of the monooxygenase system, inhibition of oxidation processes, the formation disruption of iron-sulfur complexes and a decrease in the labile nitrosyl complex formation. A decrease in the content of Mo7+-containing proteins and an increase in the content of Cu2+-containing proteins may be associated with the activation of antiradical processes in the liver of rats. Key Words: plant growth regulators, Ivin, Poteitin, hepatotoxic effect, liver EPR spectra.
Goal. To analyze the number of insecticides and acaricides during the cultivation of crops in Ukraine and in the central part of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and to determine the degree of danger of their application. Methods. Analytical, economic and statistical, comparative analysis. The analysis of the amount of chemical plant protection products for 2018—2020 was conducted according to the State Statistics Service of Ukraine. Ecotoxicological assessment of 23 chemicals was performed using the Methodologies of the Institute of Plant Protection of NAAS of Ukraine according to the safety data sheet of the preparations and the properties of the active ingredient. The assessment of the level of potential danger of insecticides and acaricides was performed according to the integrated classification of pesticides according to the degree of danger of their application, taking into account indicators of pesticide toxicity (LD50) and their half-life (T50) in soil. Results. In 2018—2020, on average, 1,750.5 thousand kg/ year of chemical pesticides were used in Ukraine, including 279.1 thousand kg in the territory of the Central Forest Steppe. The most common in Ukraine are preparations based on active agent chlorpyrifos (743.0 thousand kg/ year), active agent dimethoate (95 thousand kg/ year) and active agent lambda-cyhalothrin (80.2 thousand kg/ year), which are stable in soil and according to the indicator of acute oral toxicity are classified as hazard classes 2 and 3. The most common acaricides against ticks are those based on active agent clofentezine and pyridaben (3.01 and 3.08 thousand kg/ year, respectively). It was found that insecticides Danadim Mix, EC (Dimetoat, 400 g/ l + Gamma-Cyhalothrin, 4 g/ l), Lamdex, mc.s. (Dimetoat, 400 g/ l + Gamma-Cyhalothrin, 4 g/ l), Rimon Fast, SC (Novaluron, 50 g/ l + Bifenthrin, 50 g/ l), Cezar e.c. (Bifenthrin, 100 g/ l), Shaman, EC (Chlorpyrifos, 500 g/ l + Cypermethrin, 50 g/ l) and acaricide Sunmite, m.p. (Pyridabem, 200 g/ kg) with LD50 55—160 mg/ kg. Most preparations are highly resistant chemical compounds with half-life (Т50) in soil 51-386 days. These are: Aktara 25WG, w.g. (Thiamethoxam, 250 g/ kg), Ampligo 150 ZC, FC (Chlorantraniliprole, 100 g/ l + Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 50 g/ l), Voliam Flexi 300 SC, e.c. (Thiamethoxam, 200 g/ l + Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 100 g/ l), Engio 247 SC, s.c. (Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 106 g/ l + Thiamethoxam, 141 g/ l), Coragen 20, s.c. (Chlorantraniliprole, 200 g/ l), Lamdex, mc.s. (Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 50 g/ l), Mavrik, BE (Tau-fluvalinate, 240 g/ l), Rimon Fast, SC (Novaluron, 50 g/ l + Bifenthrin, 50 g/ l), Cezar e.c. (Bifenthrin, 100 g/ l), Shaman e.c. (Chlorpyrifos, 500 g/ l + Cypermethrin, 50 g/ l), Apollo, s.c. (Clofentesin, 500 g/ l), Sunmite, m.p. (Pyridaben, 200 g/ кg). Conclusions. In Ukraine and in the Central Forest-Steppe the amounts of chemical plant protection products are considerable, which increases the emergence of environmental risks in agrophytocenosis. Most pesticides contain active agent with a high rate of acute oral toxicity and are classified as hazard class 2. According to the degree of danger level, preparations Decis Profi WG (Deltamethin, 250 g/ кg), Decis f-Lux 25 EC (Deltamethin, 25 g/ l), Kalipso 480 SC (Thiacloprid, 480 g/ l), Kormoran, EC (Novaluron, 100 g/ l + Acetamiprid, 80 g/ l), Proclaim 5 SG (Emamectin benzoane, 50 g/ кg), Rubizh, e.c. (Dimetoat, 400 g/ l) belong to low-hazardper (danger level 6—7). According to the combination of ecotoxicological and sanitary-hygienic indicators, dangerous pesticides (3 degree) include preparations Ampligo 150 ZC, FK (Chlorantraniliprole, 100 g/ l + Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 50 g/ l), Engio 247 SC, s.c. (Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 106 g/ l + Thiamethoxam, 141 g/ l) and Masai, s.p. (Tebufenpyrad, 200 g/ кg), very dangerous — (2 degree) — Lamdex, mc.s. (Lambda-Cyhalothrin, 50 g/ l), Rimon Fast, SC (Novaluron, 50 g/ l + Bifenthrin, 50 g/ l), Cezar e.c. (Bifenthrin, 100 g/ l) and Sunmite, m.p. (Pyridabem 200 g/ kg). These preparations are highly toxic and decompose in agrophytocenosis slowly, and therefore their use should be limited to reduce environmental risks.
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