Nerve Physiology

Menorca, Ron M.G.; Fussell, Theron S.; Elfar, John C.

doi:10.1016/j.hcl.2013.04.002

Cited by 536 publications

(287 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…This unsatisfied feeling is aroused by the occurrences of neuromas distributed at the stump of injured nerve 4. For the initial damage in peripheral nerve, residual axons undergo Wallerian degeneration, apoptosis, axons extension, and remyelination to achieve recovery 5. However, this limits regenerative ability that is not sufficient to overcome the long‐distance gap (>50 mm) or fail without the guidance of distal stump, which are typical neuropathic symptoms in serve trauma and amputation 6.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Painful Terminal Neuroma Prevention by Capping PRGD/PDLLA Conduit in Rat Sciatic Nerves

Jiang

et al. 2018

Advanced Science

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Neuroma formation after amputation as a long‐term deficiency leads to spontaneous neuropathic pain that reduces quality of life of patients. To prevent neuroma formation, capping techniques are implemented as effective treatments. However, an ideal, biocompatible material covering the nerves is an unmet clinical need. In this study, biocompatible characteristics presented by the poly(D,L‐lactic acid)/arginylglycylaspartic acid (RGD peptide) modification of poly{(lactic acid)‐co‐ [(glycolic acid)‐alt‐(L‐lysine)]} (PRGD/PDLLA) are evaluated as a nerve conduit. After being capped on the rat sciatic nerve stump in vivo, rodent behaviors and tissue structures are compared via autotomy scoring and histological analyses. The PRGD/PDLLA capped group gains lower autotomy score and improves the recovery, where inflammatory infiltrations and excessive collagen deposition are defeated. Transmission electron microscopy images of the regeneration of myelin sheath in both groups show that abnormal myelination is only present in the uncapped rats. Changes in related genes (MPZ, MBP, MAG, and Krox20) are monitored quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) for mechanism investigation. The PRGD/PDLLA capping conduits not only act as physical barriers to inhibit the invasion of inflammatory infiltration in the scar tissue but also provide a suitable microenvironment for promoting nerve repairing and avoiding neuroma formation during nerve recovery.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Painful Terminal Neuroma Prevention by Capping PRGD/PDLLA Conduit in Rat Sciatic Nerves

Jiang

et al. 2018

Advanced Science

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“…Neuropraxia typically occurs after compression or traction of the nerve. The conduction velocity is decreased, but the damage is transient [9]. The complete recovery time of the injury varies from 1 week to 6 months [10].…”

Section: Grading Nerve Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Disconnection of cell bodies and axons activates programmed cell death pathway within 6 hours of the injury in a process called chromatolysis [9,15].…”

Section: Pathophysiological Changes After Nerve Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these injuries, the nerve ends become an irregular mass of Schwann cells, fibroblasts, macrophages and collagen fibres. Regenerating axons reach that disorganized proximal stump and encounter a rough barrier that impedes further growth [11].Disconnection of cell bodies and axons activates programmed cell death pathway within 6 hours of the injury in a process called chromatolysis [9,15].Neurotrophic factors have a crucial role in regeneration and degeneration processes.Macrophages that migrate to the injury site express interleukin-1 (IL-1). IL-1 stimulates nerve growth factor (NGF) production by Schwann cells.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Peripheral Nerve Injury and Current Treatment Strategies

Tezcan¹

2017

Peripheral Nerve Regeneration - From Surgery to New Therapeutic Approaches Including Biomaterials and Cell-Based Therapies Deve

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Neuronal cells are the main fundamental anatomic unit of the system. Nerve injuries are generally divided into three categories as neuropraxia, axonotmesis and neurotmesis. Neurotmesis is the most severe form. Schwann cells are activated within 24 hours of the injury and the healing cascade continued with the cells, which are stimulated by Schwann cells. And neurotrophic factors like nerve growth factor (NGF) have a crucial role in regeneration and degeneration processes. Additionally, Schwann cells upregulate the expression of some proteins, such as fibronectin, which are crucial for axonal regeneration. All this information about nerve healing sheds light on treatment studies. Iatrogenic nerve injury has an important place in peripheral nerve injury. Causes may be direct surgical damage, wrong intraoperative patient positioning, anaesthesiarelated reasons or limb tourniquets. Typical symptoms are motor or sensory deficits such as paraesthesia, weakness, paralysis and pain. Many of the traumatic nerve injuries require surgical repair. Direct nerve repair and autologous nerve grafts are still goldstandard treatment options. Additionally, nerve conduits are very successful to provide an ideal peripheral support for neuronal recovery but are still insufficient. In recent years, research efforts have focused on the neurotrophic factors and cell-based therapies to perform better microenvironment for neuronal healing.Keywords: peripheral nerve, injury, iatrogenic, nerve grafts, conduit, cell-based therapy IntroductionAn injury to a nerve can result in a problem with the muscle innervation or in a loss of sensation. In some people, it can also cause pain. The type of nerve injury will determine the type of treatment that will be needed. Peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) affect all age groups and have many causes like trauma and medical disorders. The majority of the peripheral nerve injuries © 2017 The Author(s). Licensee InTech. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.(PNI) occur in the upper extremity and are secondary to trauma [1]. Typical symptoms are motor or sensory deficits such as paraesthesia, weakness, paralysis and pain [2]. Many of the traumatic nerve injuries require surgical repair. The primary goal of the repair is to achieve the reinnervation of the target organs, but the therapeutic options which are used at present cannot achieve perfect sensory and motor recovery in all cases. In this chapter, the pathophysiology and mechanisms of nerve injuries, the traumatic nerve injuries, especially the iatrogenic forms, and therapeutic options for the peripheral nerve injuries will be discussed. Peripheral nerve anatomyPeripheral nervous system consists of neuronal cells, glial cells and stromal cells. Neuronal cells are the main fundamental anatomic unit of the system. Neurons conduct elec...

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“…Axonal degeneration follows a sequence of events that proliferate both proximally and distally to the site of injury. Axons disconnected from their cell bodies undergo degeneration through phenomena of chromatolysis [29]. Once the nerve is injured, its distal portion begins to degenerate due to the activity of proteases and the functional disruption of metabolic resources of the nervous cell body, in a calcium-mediated process known as Wallerian degeneration that involves invasion by myelomonocytic cells and results in the destruction of myelin and the onset of mitosis in Schwann cells (Figure 2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials: A New Combination to Regenerative Therapies after Peripheral Nerve Injury

Alvites¹,

Santos²,

ProençaVarejão³

et al. 2017

Mesenchymal Stem Cells - Isolation, Characterization and Applications

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The peripheral nerve injury after trauma is a common occurrence in both human and veterinary medicine and has severe consequences for the survival and quality of life of the patients. Despite the continuous eforts and the creation of diverse medical and surgical techniques, the harmful efects of this type of injury are far from being overcome. Regenerative medicine has been growing in the scientiic milieu as a new therapeutic approach for diferent situations. Among the cell-based therapies explored, the mesenchymal stem cells are evidenced by their features, versatility and potential applications. The olfactory mucosa mesenchymal stem cells, components of the olfactory system and identiied in the lamina propria, were newly identiied and are still undergoing characterization, appearing as a new promise in the regenerative therapy of several tissues but with special emphasis on the nervous system in general and the peripheral nervous system in particular, for which they appear to have special regenerative aptitude.

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Nerve Physiology

Cited by 536 publications

References 95 publications

Painful Terminal Neuroma Prevention by Capping PRGD/PDLLA Conduit in Rat Sciatic Nerves

Painful Terminal Neuroma Prevention by Capping PRGD/PDLLA Conduit in Rat Sciatic Nerves

Peripheral Nerve Injury and Current Treatment Strategies

Olfactory Mucosa Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Biomaterials: A New Combination to Regenerative Therapies after Peripheral Nerve Injury

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