Nervous system of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris L.

Hess, Walter

doi:10.1002/jmor.1050400203

Cited by 40 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The appearance of the CR differs from that observed in Polychaetes, where both the CR and the whole CNS has many primitive (ancestral) features (Mü ller and Westheide, 2002;Mü ller and Henning, 2004). The segmented VNC contains a pair of fused ganglia (ventral ganglion; VG) in each body segment (Hess, 1925; Fig. 2A).…”

Section: Hplc Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Embryogenesis of the serotonergic system in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies

Koza

Wilhelm

Hiripi

et al. 2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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Organization of the serotonergic system and changes of the serotonin (5-HT) content were studied during the embryogenesis of the earthworm Eisenia fetida, using immunocytochemistry and HPLC. A gradual emergence of 5-HT immunoreactive (IR) cells and their axon projections in the several ganglia of the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous system are described in the context of a staged time-scale of development. The first 5-HT-IR neurons appear in the subesophageal ganglion at an early embryonic stage (E2), followed by neurons in some rostrally located ventral ganglia. In the cerebral ganglion, 5-HT-IR cells can be detected only from stage E5. The number of labeled cells in each ganglion of the embryo increases until hatching, when it is still considerably lower than that observed in adults. This shows that the development of the 5-HTergic system is far from complete by the end of embryogenesis. Organization of 5-HT-IR innervation of the body wall starts by stages E3 to E4. In the stomatogastric nervous system the first 5-HT-IR fibers can be detected by stage E5. By stage E9 5-HT immunopositive neurons can be observed in both the stomatogastric ganglia and the enteric plexus. Both 5-HT levels and the numbers of the labeled cells show a significant increase before hatching, which indicate a functional maturation of the 5-HTergic system. Based on the early appearance of 5-HT, we suppose that it may play a regulatory role in both the gangliogenesis and the maturation of peripheral functions necessary during postembryonic life.

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Section: Hplc Assaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…bs, body segment; m, mouth; ph, pharynx; I. II. III., segmental nerves leaving the VG (afterHess, 1925). B: Reconstruction of the stomatogastric nervous system of left side of the earthworm, showing its relation to the CNS.…”

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confidence: 99%

Embryogenesis of the serotonergic system in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies

Koza

Wilhelm

Hiripi

et al. 2006

J of Comparative Neurology

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“…For the description of immunocytochemical observations, we followed the terminology and classification of Hess (1925), Bullock and Horridge (1965), and Spörhase-Eichmann et al (1987a, b). Anti-OA serum gave intense staining of the neuronal perikarya and of the axons in the ganglia with no or very limited background.…”

Section: Immunocytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Octopamine in the central nervous system of Oligochaeta: an immunocytochemical and biochemical study

Csoknya

Lengvári

Hiripi

et al. 1996

Cell and Tissue Research

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The distribution of octopamine (OA)-like immunoreactive neurons was investigated, and the concentration of OA was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography in the central nervous system of Oligochaeta species, Lumbricus terrestris, Eisenia fetida, and Lumbricus polyphemus. OA-like immunoreactive nerve cells were found in all parts of the central nervous system; certain regions of the neuropil of the ganglia were densely innervated by immunoreactive fibers. Altogether 96-102 OA-like immunoreactive neurons were detected in the cerebral ganglion, 18 in the subesophageal ganglion, and 14 in the segmental ganglia of 2nd-5th and 40th-45th body segments of Lumbricus terrestris; the relevant numbers of neurons in Eisenia were 88-98, 20-22, and 6, respectively. The sizes of OA immunoreactive-like cells showed great variability according to their anatomical localization. High-performance liquid chromatography assay revealed the presence of OA in each investigated part of the central nervous system, showing concentration values between 8.6 and 16.7 pmol/mg wet weight in the three species. The concentration of the OA precursor tyramine was significantly lower in the central nervous system of Eisenia (<0.5 pmol/mg wet weight) than in that of both Lumbricus species (0.67-2.0 pmol/mg wet weight). The metabolism of 3 H-tyrosine revealed that tyramine and OA were synthesized by the enzymes tyrosine-decarboxylase and tyramine-β-hydroxylase, respectively. Thus, OA appears to have a regulatory role in the central nervous system of Oligochaeta.& k w d :

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“…1. Anterior end of the central nervous system (CNS) of Lumbricus terrestris (afterHess 1925). Sagittal view.…”

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GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Annelida)

Telkes

Csoknya

Buzás

et al. 1996

Cell and Tissue Research

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The distribution of neurons immunoreactive for γ-aminobutyric acid was studied in the nervous system of Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta). In the cerebral ganglion, the 86 cells immunoreactive for γ-aminobutyric acid represented 4.0% of the nerve cells in the brain, had a diameter of 12-50 µm, and were arranged in seven groups. Small-sized (18-30 µm) immunoreactive neurons occurred in the circumpharyngeal connectives. The axons of most immunoreactive neurons of the cerebral ganglion richly arborized in the ventral part of the neuropil and some could also be traced in the circumpharyngeal connectives. The subesophageal ganglion contained 94 immunoreactive cells (6.7% of the cells of this ganglion), also divided into seven groups, and with a diameter of 8-55 µm. The axons of the labeled neurons ran to the central neuropil giving both contra-and ipsilateral processes. Altogether 108 neurons in each ganglion (8.0% of their cells) of the ventral cord were immunopositive. Four labeled cell groups were present in the rostral and caudal part of each ganglion. Axons of these immunoreactive cells arborized in the central neuropil and projected to the segmental nerves. The stomatogastric ganglia and the enteric plexus also contained immunoreactive neurons. Many small elongated immunoreactive cells occurred in the gut epithelium. Postembedding immunogold electron microscopy revealed that immunoreactive varicosities mainly contained small pleomorphic (24 nm) agranular synaptic vesicles and some small granular (50 nm) vesicles.& k w d :

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Nervous system of the earthworm, lumbricus terrestris L.

Cited by 40 publications

References 5 publications

Embryogenesis of the serotonergic system in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies

Embryogenesis of the serotonergic system in the earthworm Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta): Immunohistochemical and biochemical studies

Octopamine in the central nervous system of Oligochaeta: an immunocytochemical and biochemical study

GABA-immunoreactive neurons in the central and peripheral nervous system of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta, Annelida)

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