NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons

Papayannopoulos, Venizelos; Zychlinsky, Arturo

doi:10.1016/j.it.2009.07.011

Cited by 571 publications

(521 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…9). These DNA structures are reminiscent of the neutrophil ETs well studied in vertebrates such as mammals, birds, and fish over the past decade (15,16,30). In the present work, bacteria were found entrapped into such extracellular DNA networks ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…However, some bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and group A Streptococci are found entrapped into ETs without being killed (17,18). ETs can then play two important roles in the control of infections, first by entrapping microbes and preventing their dissemination, and second by concentrating antimicrobials and potentially killing microbes (10,16,19).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial Histones and DNA Traps in Invertebrate Immunity

Poirier

Schmitt

Rosa

et al. 2014

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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Background: How antimicrobial histones participate in invertebrate defense was still unclear. Results: Upon injury or infection, oyster immune cells release antimicrobial histones and extracellular DNA traps in a ROSdependent manner. Conclusion: DNA traps are involved in the defense of Lophotrochozoa. Their mechanistic bases are shared with vertebrates. Significance: This is a novel mechanism in the evolutionary conserved invertebrate immune arsenal.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Histones and DNA Traps in Invertebrate Immunity

Poirier

Schmitt

Rosa

et al. 2014

Journal of Biological Chemistry

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“…These structures are produced after cell activation and are composed of decondensed chromatin complexed with different cytoplasmic proteins, such as histones, as well as over 30 different neutrophil proteins (Brinkmann et al, 2004;Fuchs et al, 2007;Medina, 2009;Papayannopoulos & Zychlinsky, 2009). NETs can be produced by NADPH oxidase activation-dependent or -independent mechanisms and subsequent ROS production (Brinkmann et al, 2004;Pilsczek et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human neutrophils produce extracellular traps against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

et al. 2015

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Neutrophils play an important role as effector cells and contribute to the resistance of the host against microbial pathogens. Neutrophils are able to produce extracellular traps (NETs) in response to medically important fungi, including Aspergillus spp., Candida albicans and Cryptococcus gattii. However, NET production in response to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis has yet to be studied. We have demonstrated that human neutrophils produce NETs against both conidia and yeasts of P. brasiliensis. Although the NADPH oxidase inhibitor diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI) did not alter NET production against conidia, it partially suppressed NET formation against P. brasiliensis yeasts. Cytochalasin D or IFN-c did not affect the production of NETs against the fungus. Additionally, a mutant strain of P. brasiliensis with reduced expression of an alternative oxidase induced significantly higher levels of NETs in comparison with the WT strain. Finally, c.f.u. quantification of P. brasiliensis showed no significant differences when neutrophils were treated with DPI, DNase I or cytochalasin D as compared with untreated cells. These data establish that NET formation by human neutrophils appears to be either dependent or independent of reactive oxygen species production, correlating with the fungal morphotype used for stimulation. However, this mechanism was ineffective in killing the fungus.

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“…Once at the inflamed site, neutrophils are able to engulf the invaders by phagocytosis and destroy them intracellularly by the generation of reactive oxygen and ni-trogen species and release of proteolytic enzymes from cytoplasmic granules. In some circumstances they are also able to kill them extracellularly, for example by the extrusion of DNA coated with antimicrobial agents, termed neutrophil extracellular traps [13]. Upon completion of their task neutrophils undergo a programmed cell death (apoptosis) [12].…”

Section: How Aging Affects Neutrophilsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is now recognized that structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are released by neutrophils which are capable of mediating various functions [13]. This seems to be an alternative to neutrophil death driven by necrosis or apoptosis.…”

Section: Neutrophil Extracellular Activity With Agingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Innate Immune System and Aging: What is the Contribution to Immunosenescence ?

Fülöp

Fortin²,

Lesur³

et al. 2012

TOLSJ

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Abstract:The immune system plays an important role in the defence against various threats to health, such as pathogens, cancer cells or modified-self proteins. With aging there is a decrease in the immune response, called immunosenescence, concomitantly with the increase in some age-related diseases such as infections, autoimmune disorders, chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer. The immune response is traditionally divided between innate and adaptive immune responses. Accumulating evidence suggests that immunosenescence is not only restricted to the adaptive but also affects the innate immune system. Assessment of innate immune system functions revealed that it is also susceptible to age-related dysregulation. Furthermore, it is becoming clear that the sustained function of innate cells is indispensable for the adequate functioning of the adaptive immune response. This review will describe the changes in the innate immune response with aging and the recent discoveries, which may shed new light on its contribution to immunosenescence.

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NETs: a new strategy for using old weapons

Cited by 571 publications

References 95 publications

Antimicrobial Histones and DNA Traps in Invertebrate Immunity

Antimicrobial Histones and DNA Traps in Invertebrate Immunity

Human neutrophils produce extracellular traps against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis

The Innate Immune System and Aging: What is the Contribution to Immunosenescence ?

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