“…However, there is a substantial challenge in these works: Investor behavior is indirectly measured. Indirect proxies for investor behavior such as the net stock purchase ( Baker & Wurgler, 2006 ) and dividend premium ( Yang et al, 2021 ) are hard to timely and accurately reflect the real behavior of investors ( Chundakkadan and Nedumparambil, 2021 , Cookson and Niessner, 2020 , Fan et al, 2021 , Gu and Kurov, 2020 ). As an alternative behavior measurement, the direct proxy variable based on online search engines shows the information flow in financial markets more authentic and comprehensive ( Hsieh et al, 2020 ), and it has been widely used in asset pricing and market efficiency ( Da et al, 2015 , Gao et al, 2020 , Gu and Kurov, 2020 , Hsieh et al, 2020 ).…”