Neural Activity-Dependent Cellular Proliferation in the Rat Cerebral Cortex

Kataoka, Yosky; Tamura, Yasuhisa; Cui, Yilong; Yamada, Hisao

doi:10.1267/ahc.38.93

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…In general, MR and GR play important roles in negative feedback and hippocampus change in PTSD patients. It is possible that there is a selection for roles of MR and GR in PTSD [ 15 ], and that they may induce the proliferative activity in hippocampal neurons to maintain the structure of hippocampus [ 12 ]. This could explain both normal hippocampus size and intact negative feedback in some PTSD patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressions of Hippocampal Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) in the Single-Prolonged Stress-Rats

Han

Shi

2008

Acta Histochem. Cytochem.

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Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder caused by traumatic experience. Single-prolonged stress (SPS) is one of the animal models proposed for PTSD. Rats exposed to SPS showed enhanced inhibition of the hypothalamo-pituitaryadrenal (HPA) axis, which has been reliably reproduced in patients with PTSD. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hippocampus regulate HPA axis by glucocorticoid negative feedback. Abnormalities in negative feedback are found in PTSD, suggesting that GR and MR might be involved in the pathophysiology of these disorders. In the present study, we performed immunohistochemistry and western blotting to examine the changes in hippocampal MR-and GR-expression after SPS. Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased MR-and GR-immunoreactivity (ir) in the CA1 of hippocampus in SPS animals. Change in GR sub-distribution was also observed, where GR-ir was shifted from nucleus to cytoplasm in SPS rats. Western blotting showed that SPS induced significantly decreased MR-and GR-protein in the whole hippocampus, although the degree of decreased expression of both receptors was different. Meanwhile, we also found the MR/GR ratio decreased in SPS rats. In general, SPS induced down-regulation of MR-and GRexpression. These findings suggest that MR and GR play critical roles in affecting hippocampal function. Changes in MR/GR ratio may be relevant for behavioral syndrome in PTSD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Expressions of Hippocampal Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) in the Single-Prolonged Stress-Rats

Han

Shi

2008

Acta Histochem. Cytochem.

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“…There are proliferating cells in the parenchyma in the normal adult mammalian brain. The majority of them are oligodendrocyte precursors that express NG2, one of the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans [ 8 , 14 ]. Normally, NG2 immunopositive (+)-cycling cells differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes over a long period of time [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotype Analysis and Quantification of Proliferating Cells in the Cortical Gray Matter of the Adult Rat

Mori

Wakabayashi

Takamori

et al. 2009

Acta Histochem. Cytochem.

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In intact adult mammalian brains, there are two neurogenic regions: the subependymal zone and the subgranular layer of the hippocampus. Even outside these regions, small numbers of proliferating precursors do exist. Many studies suggest that the majority of these are oligodendrocyte precursors that express NG2, a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, and most of the residual proliferating cells seem to be endothelial cells. However, it is still unclear whether NG2-immunonegative proliferating precursors are present, because previous studies have neglected their possible existence. In this study, we systematically analyzed the phenotypes of the proliferating cells in the intact adult rat cortical gray matter. We improved our techniques and carefully characterized the proliferating cells, because there were several problems with identifying and quantifying the proliferating cells: the detection of NG2-expressing cells was dependent on the fixation condition; there were residual proliferating leukocytes in the blood vessels; and two anti-NG2 antibodies gave rise to different staining patterns. Moreover, we used two methods, BrdU and Ki67 immunostaining, to quantify the proliferating cells. Our results strongly suggest that in the intact adult cerebral cortical gray matter, there were only two types of proliferating cells: the majority were NG2-expressing cells, including pericytes, and the rest were endothelial cells.

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Perineuronal germinal cells in the rat cerebral cortex

et al. 2006

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The generation and renewal of cells in the adult mammalian central nervous system maintains brain functions, including plasticity. Even in the cerebral cortex of adult mammals, glial cells are thought to be replaced with newly generated cells every 100 days. Recently, we demonstrated that this proliferation is stimulated by neural activity. However, whether any germinal areas exist in the cortical parenchyma is unknown. Here, we examined the proliferating cell dynamics in the cerebral cortex of adult rats using BrdU labeling and immunohistochemistry for NeuN and lamin B1. At 2 h after a single injection of BrdU, more than 80% of BrdU-labeled cells were observed in the perineuronal territory in which the BrdU-labeled nuclei were located within 5 microm from neuronal nuclei. The ratio of perineuronal cells to nonperineuronal cells in BrdU-labeled cells gradually decreased over the 2 weeks following BrdU injection. These observations indicate that numerous cortical cells proliferate in the perineuronal territory, the germinal soil, and that part of these newly generated cells migrate from the perineuronal territory into the surrounding areas during the 2 weeks following mitosis.

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Neural Activity-Dependent Cellular Proliferation in the Rat Cerebral Cortex

Cited by 4 publications

References 25 publications

Expressions of Hippocampal Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) in the Single-Prolonged Stress-Rats

Expressions of Hippocampal Mineralocorticoid Receptor (MR) and Glucocorticoid Receptor (GR) in the Single-Prolonged Stress-Rats

Phenotype Analysis and Quantification of Proliferating Cells in the Cortical Gray Matter of the Adult Rat

Perineuronal germinal cells in the rat cerebral cortex

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