Neural correlates of intra-sentential code-switching in the auditory modality

Fernandez, Carla B.; Litcofsky, Kaitlyn A.; Hell, Janet G. van

doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.10.004

Cited by 31 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…Moreover, we report a broadly distributed and extended LPC for the code-switched conditions. The LPC has now been documented in several studies on code-switching (e.g., Moreno et al, 2002Moreno et al, , 2008Ng et al, 2014;Ruigendijk et al, 2016;Beatty-Martínez and Dussias, 2017;Litcofsky and Van Hell, 2017;Fernandez et al, 2019;Kaan et al, 2020). While Moreno et al initially interpreted this component as reflective of processing an improbable or unexpected event, Van Hell and colleagues have suggested that it instead points toward sentence-level reanalysis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current psycholinguistic studies of code-switching highlight three broad themes of study: (1) Its relationship to other switching phenomena such as cued-language switching (e.g., Meuter and Allport, 1999;Gollan and Ferreira, 2009) and non-linguistic switching tasks (e.g., Monsell, 2003); (2) whether the integration of code-switching in production and comprehension leads to processing costs (e.g., Ruigendijk et al, 2016;Beatty-Martínez and Dussias, 2017;Litcofsky and Van Hell, 2017;Fernandez et al, 2019); and (3) the cognitive and grammatical processes that help bilinguals rapidly integrate code-switched speech in production and comprehension (e.g., Kootstra et al, 2012;Fricke et al, 2016;Guzzardo Tamargo et al, 2016;Valdés Kroff et al, 2017;Gullifer and Titone, 2019;Adler et al, 2020). These three themes are inter-related in that the natural parallel between general switching behavior and the robust switch costs reported from the cued-language switching paradigm leads to the logical prediction that code-switching should similarly evince costly integration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy

2020

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Prior studies using the event-related potential (ERP) technique show that integrating sentential code-switches during online processing leads to a broadly distributed late positivity component (LPC), while processing semantically unexpected continuations instead leads to the emergence of an N400 effect. While the N400 is generally assumed to index lexico-semantic processing, the LPC has two different interpretations. One account suggests that it reflects the processing of an improbable or unexpected event, while an alternative account proposes sentence-level reanalysis. To investigate the relative costs of semantic to language-based unexpectancies (i.e., code-switches), the current study tests 24 Spanish-English bilinguals in an ERP reading study. Semantically constrained Spanish frames either varied in their semantic expectancy (high vs. low expectancy) and/ or their language continuation (same-language vs. code-switch) while participants' electrophysiological responses were recorded. The Spanish-to-English switch direction provides a more naturalistic test for integration costs to code-switching as it better approximates the code-switching practices of the target population. Analyses across three time windows show a main effect for semantic expectancy in the N400 time window and a main effect for code-switching in the LPC time window. Additional analyses based on the self-reported code-switching experience of the participants suggest an early positivity linked to less experience with code-switching. The results highlight that not all code-switches lead to similar integration costs and that prior experience with codeswitching is an important additional factor that modulates online processing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy

2020

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“…Alternatively, while we argue that the sentence materials are more ecologically similar to US code-switching practices, the experimental context remains artificial in that stimuli are presented visually and without a supporting interactive exchange, while code-switching remains primarily a spoken language phenomenon rooted in dialogic exchange. Fernandez et al (2019) use the ERP technique to test the processing of auditory code-switched sentences. Interestingly, for a subset of code-switches they do not find an LPC effect but instead an N400 effect; however, they frame their study in terms of language dominance and switch direction and not in habitual code-switching practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The current psycholinguistics studies of code-switching highlight three broad themes of study: (1) Its relationship to other switching phenomena such as cued language switching (e.g., Meuter and Allport 1999;Gollan and Ferreira 2009) and non-linguistic switching tasks (e.g., Monsell 2003); (2) Whether the integration of code-switching in production and comprehension leads to processing costs (e.g., Beatty-Martínez and Dussias 2017; Fernandez, Litcofsky, and Van Hell 2019;Litcofsky and Van Hell 2017); and (3) The cognitive and grammatical processes that help bilinguals rapidly integrate code-switched speech in production and comprehension (e.g., Adler, Valdés Kroff and Novick in press;Fricke et al 2016;Gullifer and Titone 2019;Guzzardo Tamargo et al 2016;Kootstra, Van Hell and Dijkstra 2012;Valdés Kroff, Dussias, Gerfen, Perrotti and Bajo 2017). These three themes are inter-related in that the natural parallel between general switching behavior and the robust switch costs reported from the cued language switching paradigm leads to the logical prediction that code-switching should similarly evince costly integration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Are all code-switches processed the same? Examining semantic v. language unexpectancy

Kroff¹,

Roman²,

Dussias³

2020

Preprint

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Prior studies using the event-related potential (ERP) technique show that integrating sentential code-switches in online processing lead to a broadly distributed late positivity component while processing semantically unexpected continuations instead lead to the emergence of an N400 effect. While the N400 is generally assumed to index lexico-semantic processing, the LPC has two different interpretations. One account suggests that it reflects the processing of an improbable or unexpected event while an alternative account proposes sentence-level reanalysis. To investigate the relative costs of semantic to language-based unexpectancies (i.e., code-switches), the current study tests 24 Spanish-English bilinguals in an ERP reading study. Semantically constrained Spanish frames either varied in their semantic expectancy (high vs low expectancy) and/or their language continuation (same language vs code-switch) while participants’ electrophysiological responses were recorded. The Spanish-to-English switch direction provides a more naturalistic test for integration costs to code-switching as it better approximates the code-switching practices of the target population. Analyses across three time windows show a main effect for semantic expectancy in the N400 time window and a main effect for code-switching in the LPC time window. Additional analyses based on the self-reported code-switching experience of the participants suggested an early positivity linked to less experience with code-switching. The results suggest that not all code-switches lead to similar integration costs and that prior experience with code-switching is an important additional factor that modulates online processing.

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“…So far, the internal differentiation of CS has not received much attention from psycholinguists. For example, to my knowledge, only two ERP studies have addressed the switching of larger parts of a sentence (Litcofsky and Van Hell, 2017;Fernandez et al, 2019), and no ERP study has compared different CS types directly. Moreover, only one study has examined the effect of word class on the processing of CS (Ng et al, 2014), and none has studied CS in word classes other than nouns, verbs, or adjectives.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Code-Switching Does Not Equal Code-Switching. An Event-Related Potentials Study on Switching From L2 German to L1 Russian at Prepositions and Nouns

Zeller

2020

Front. Psychol.

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Studies on event-related potentials (ERP) in code-switching (CS) have concentrated on single-word insertions, usually nouns. However, CS ranges from inserting single words into the main language of discourse to alternating languages for larger segments of a discourse, and can occur at various syntactic positions and with various word classes. This ERP study examined native speakers of Russian who had learned German as a second language; they were asked to listen to sentences with CS from their second language, German, to their first language, Russian. CS included either a whole prepositional phrase or only the lexical head noun of a prepositional phrase. CS at nouns resulted in a late positive complex (LPC), whereas CS at prepositions resulted in a broad early negativity, which was followed by an anterior negativity with a posterior positivity. Only in the last time window (800-1000 ms) did CS at prepositions result in a broad positivity similar to CS at nouns. The differences between both types of CS indicate that they relate to different psycholinguistic processes.

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Neural correlates of intra-sentential code-switching in the auditory modality

Cited by 31 publications

References 58 publications

Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy

Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy

Are all code-switches processed the same? Examining semantic v. language unexpectancy

Code-Switching Does Not Equal Code-Switching. An Event-Related Potentials Study on Switching From L2 German to L1 Russian at Prepositions and Nouns

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