Neural encoding of binocular disparity: Energy models, position shifts and phase shifts

Fleet, David J.; Wagner, Hermann; Heeger, David J.

doi:10.1016/0042-6989(95)00313-4

Cited by 317 publications

(356 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…The geometric mean of the pooling ratio amounted to 1.80 for the Y direction and 1.30 for the X direction for our sample of complex cells. Sasaki and Ohzawa (2007) reported that the majority of complex cells in the early visual cortex pool subunits minimally in space to make up the monocular RFs (median of size ratio, ϳ1.21 in area), concluding that complex cells can be described adequately by the standard energy model without spatial pooling (Adelson and Bergen, 1985;Qian 1994;Fleet et al, 1996). An apparent contradiction with this report can be explained by a difference in the metric for evaluating the degree of spatial pooling.…”

Section: Spatial Pooling Of Binocular Disparity Detectorscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Complex Cells in the Cat Striate Cortex Have Multiple Disparity Detectors in the Three-Dimensional Binocular Receptive Fields

Sasaki¹,

Tabuchi²,

Ohzawa³

2010

J. Neurosci.

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Along the visual pathway, neurons generally become more specialized for signaling a limited subset of stimulus attributes and become more invariant to changes in the stimulus position within the receptive fields (RFs). One of the likely mechanisms underlying such invariance appears to be pooling of detectors located at different positions. Does such spatial pooling occur for disparity-selective neurons in primary visual cortex? To examine whether the three-dimensional (3D) binocular RFs are constructed by pooling detectors for binocular disparity, we investigated binocular interactions in the 3D space for neurons in the cat striate cortex. Approximately one-third of complex cells showed the spatial pooling of disparity detectors to a significant degree, whereas the majority of simple cells did not. The degree of spatial pooling of disparity detectors along the preferred orientation axis was generally larger than that along the axis orthogonal to the orientation axis. We then reconstructed 3D binocular RFs in their complete form and examined their structures. Disparity tuning curves were compared across positions along the orientation axis in the RFs. A small population of cells appeared to show a gradual shift of the preferred disparity along this axis, indicating that they can potentially signal inclination in the 3D space. However, the majority of cells exhibited a position-invariant disparity tuning. Finally, disparity tuning curves were examined for all oblique angles in addition to horizontal and vertical. Tunings were broadest along the orientation axis as the disparity energy model predicts.

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Section: Spatial Pooling Of Binocular Disparity Detectorscontrasting

confidence: 49%

Complex Cells in the Cat Striate Cortex Have Multiple Disparity Detectors in the Three-Dimensional Binocular Receptive Fields

Sasaki¹,

Tabuchi²,

Ohzawa³

2010

J. Neurosci.

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“…Having said that, we assumed that the structure‐function relationship would be influenced by the presence of MSON 2, 14. Because of the balanced signal requirements for human binocular vision,15 it was assumed that the structural‐functional relationships would be influenced differently by unbalanced signaling (unilateral MSON, with the better/dominant eye providing most of the information) from the eye to the visual cortex, compared to either bilateral symmetrically reduced signaling (bilateral MSON) or bilateral normal signaling (bilateral MSNON). To test this hypothesis, we investigated patients with MS who (1) never suffered from MSON (MSNON), (2) suffered from unilateral MSON or (3) bilateral MSON.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure‐function relationships in the visual system in multiple sclerosis: an MEG and OCT study

Tewarie

Balk

Hillebrand

et al. 2017

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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BackgroundWe conducted a multi‐modal optical coherence tomography (OCT) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) study to test whether there is a relationship between retinal layer integrity and electrophysiological activity and connectivity (FC) in the visual network influenced by optic neuritis (ON) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsOne hundred and two MS patients were included in this MEG/OCT study. Retinal OCT data were collected from the optic discs, macular region, and segmented. Neuronal activity and FC in the visual cortex was estimated from source‐reconstructed resting‐state MEG data by computing relative power and the phase lag index (PLI). Generalized estimating equations (GEE) were used to account for intereye within‐patient dependencies.ResultsThere was a significant relationship for both relative power and FC in the visual cortex with retinal layer thicknesses. The findings were influenced by the presence of MSON, particularly for connectivity in the alpha bands and the outer macular layers. In the absence of MSON, this relationship was dominated by the lower frequency bands (theta, delta) and inner and outer retinal layers.ConclusionThese results suggest that visual cortex FC more than activity alters in the presence of MSON, which may guide the understanding of FC plasticity effects following MSON.

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“…Recent models describe binocular matching in terms of spatial filtering (Ohzawa et al, 1990;Fleet et al, 1996;Cumming and Parker, 1997;Qian and Zhu, 1997;Anzai et al, 1999), so in that framework, solving the matching problem is tantamount to finding similar filter outputs from the two eyes. For the outputs of matched filters to be similar, their inputs must be similar, so binocular matching in this scheme requires similar local intensity patterns in the left and right retinal images.…”

Section: Effect Of Disparity Gradientmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why Is Spatial Stereoresolution So Low?

Banks¹,

Gepshtein²,

Landy³

2004

J. Neurosci.

151

210

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Spatial stereoresolution (the finest detectable modulation of binocular disparity) is much poorer than luminance resolution (finest detectable luminance variation). In a series of psychophysical experiments, we examined four factors that could cause low stereoresolution: (1) the sampling properties of the stimulus, (2) the disparity gradient limit, (3) low-pass spatial filtering by mechanisms early in the visual process, and (4) the method by which binocular matches are computed. Our experimental results reveal the contributions of the first three factors. A theoretical analysis of binocular matching by interocular correlation reveals the contribution of the fourth: the highest attainable stereoresolution may be limited by (1) the smallest useful correlation window in the visual system, and (2) a matching process that estimates the disparity of image patches and assumes that disparity is constant across the patch. Both properties are observed in disparity-selective neurons in area V1 of the primate (Nienborg et al., 2004).

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Neural encoding of binocular disparity: Energy models, position shifts and phase shifts

Cited by 317 publications

References 57 publications

Complex Cells in the Cat Striate Cortex Have Multiple Disparity Detectors in the Three-Dimensional Binocular Receptive Fields

Complex Cells in the Cat Striate Cortex Have Multiple Disparity Detectors in the Three-Dimensional Binocular Receptive Fields

Structure‐function relationships in the visual system in multiple sclerosis: an MEG and OCT study

Why Is Spatial Stereoresolution So Low?

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