“…In the hippocampus (HPC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), psychosocial stress increases the levels of extracellular ATP, which induces the NLRP3-dependent inflammasome, leading to microglial interleukin IL-1b release (Pantazatos et al, 2017). Likewise, toll-like receptors TLR-2 and TLR-4 can mediate repeated stress-induced gene expression and TNF-a/IL-1a secretion from the PFC microglia (Wohleb et al, 2012;Nie et al, 2018;Furuyashiki and Kitaoka, 2019). Finally, restraint stress induces alterations to neurotransmitters such as glutamate and GABA, which influence microglial activation, proliferation, and motility (Nair and Bonneau, 2006;Fontainhas et al, 2011).…”