Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological foundations of the human olfactory system

Mydlikowska-Śmigórska, Agnieszka; Śmigórski, Krzysztof

doi:10.5114/nan.2016.65643

“…The energy of odorant molecules acting through G proteins stimulates CA to produce cAMP, and this activates PKA affecting metabolic processes in the cell, and affects gene transcription, after PKA is transported to the cell nucleus. 6,7 Active PKA phosphorylates the residues of the 133rd amino acid, serine, in the CREB protein. Some CA isoforms can also be regulated by Ca++ ion-activated calmodulin.…”

Section: Energy Transformations Of the Olfactory Signalmentioning

confidence: 99%

The work of the olfactory cell

Myjkowski

2023

JOENTR

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Work is the basic physical quantity that determines the amount of energy needed to perform a given task. In the case of smell, it is a complex process of receiving odor signals from the outside world, transforming them in the olfactory cell into the form of chemical bonding energy, which is converted into electrical energy of the action potential at the synapse between the I and II neurons of the olfactory pathway. Regardless of the many transformations of energy along the way, the signal reaching the brain must be recognizable in quality and intensity. The olfactory organ works around the clock, although olfactory sensations do not reach the brain at night. Very strong odors like ammonia can wake you from sleep. The entire system uses external energy to perform work. Similar to the nerve cell and the auditory cell, the olfactory cell is an excitable cell, meaning that the action of an external stimulus leads to a response in the form of depolarization of the cell. A bidirectional action of the cell is created. In addition to the normal work related to the life of the cell - like with any other cell, for that matter, there is work related to the transformation of the olfactory signal in the cell and the transmission of this signal to the synapse. These two levels of olfactory cell activity are closely related, dependent on each other, using the same substrates and frequently the same transmission pathways. The level related to cell life is the constitutive level, while the second level, related to signal transmission, is the regulated level. This latter level begins with taking over the energy of odor substance - an odorant, which, regardless of its size, has kinetic energy, potential energy and electron energy. By binding with the GPCR receptor and acceptor, the odorant causes the transfer of some of its own energy, that associated with the odor. The electron cloud of the odorant, after combining with the electron cloud of the receptor, loses a certain amount of electrons or protons. After transmitting information to the acceptor, such a molecule is detached from the receptor and enzymatically destroyed. OBP is just an intermediary for these reactions. Further transformations of the energy of the olfactory signal take place in the cell and synapse.

show abstract

Characteristics of olfactory function in a healthy geriatric population. Differences between physiological aging and pathology

Mydlikowska-Śmigórska¹,

Śmigórski

²

,

Rymaszewska

³

2019

Psychiatr Pol

1

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Zmiany poziomu sprawności węchowej są wczesnym symptomem rozwoju chorób neurozwyrodnieniowych, w szczególności choroby Parkinsona oraz choroby Alzheimera. W populacji zdrowej funkcjonowanie węchowe cechuje niezależność od poziomu inteligencji oraz różnych funkcji poznawczych, np. sprawności pamięciowej. Najlepsze funkcjonowanie węchowe u osób zdrowych przypada na okres pomiędzy 20 a 40 r.ż. W populacji geriatrycznej stwierdza się pogorszenie sprawności węchowej. Z tego względu istotne znaczenie ma wiedza na temat różnic między zmianami związanymi z fizjologicznym starzeniem się, a objawami wskazującymi na zmiany patologiczne w mózgu. W artykule omówiono struktury neuroanatomiczne szlaku węchowego oraz ich zmiany inwolucyjne, które mogą przyczyniać się do pogorszenia sprawności węchowej wraz z wiekiem. Przedstawiono dane na temat częstotliwości występowania dysfunkcji węchowych, różnic międzypłciowych w zakresie funkcjonowania węchowego oraz charakterystyki pogorszenia tej sprawności w wieku podeszłym. Ponadto opisano związane z wiekiem zmiany dotyczące pamięci zapachów. Autorzy sugerują, iż głównym kryterium pozwalającym różnicować między fizjologiczną a patologiczną utratą sprawnością węchu jest świadomość/brak świadomości deficytu w tym zakresie.

show abstract

The Work of the Olfactory Cell

Myjkowski

2023

ULMHS

0

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Work is the basic physical quantity that determines the amount of energy needed to perform a given task. In the case of smell, it is a complex process of receiving odor signals from the outside world, transforming them in the olfactory cell into the form of chemical bonding energy, which is converted into electrical energy of the action potential at the synapse between the I and II neurons of the olfactory pathway. Regardless of the many transformations of energy along the way, the signal reaching the brain must be recognizable in quality and intensity. The olfactory organ works around the clock, although olfactory sensations do not reach the brain at night. Very strong odors like ammonia can wake you from sleep. The entire system uses external energy to perform work. Similar to the nerve cell and the auditory cell, the olfactory cell is an excitable cell, meaning that the action of an external stimulus leads to a response in the form of depolarization of the cell. A bidirectional action of the cell is created. In addition to the normal work related to the life of the cell - like with any other cell, for that matter, there is work related to the transformation of the olfactory signal in the cell and the transmission of this signal to the synapse. These two levels of olfactory cell activity are closely related, dependent on each other, using the same substrates and frequently the same transmission pathways. The level related to cell life is the constitutive level, while the second level, related to signal transmission, is the regulated level. This latter level begins with taking over the energy of odor substance - an odorant, which, regardless of its size, has kinetic energy, potential energy and electron energy. By binding with the GPCR receptor and acceptor, the odorant causes the transfer of some of its own energy, that associated with the odor. The electron cloud of the odorant, after combining with the electron cloud of the receptor, loses a certain amount of electrons or protons. After transmitting information to the acceptor, such a molecule is detached from the receptor and enzymatically destroyed. OBP is just an intermediary for these reactions. Further transformations of the energy of the olfactory signal take place in the cell and synapse.

show abstract

Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological foundations of the human olfactory system

Cited by 3 publications

References 2 publications

The work of the olfactory cell

The work of the olfactory cell

Characteristics of olfactory function in a healthy geriatric population. Differences between physiological aging and pathology

The Work of the Olfactory Cell

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About