Neurobehavioral Effects of Cyclohexane in Rat and Human

Lammers, J.H.C.M.; Emmen, Harry; Muijser, Hans; Hoogendijk, E.M.G.; McKee, Richard H.; Owen, D.E.; Kulig, B.M.

doi:10.1177/1091581809345534

Cited by 17 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…In a study reported by Lammers et al (2009), rats were exposed to cyclohexane at levels of 1400, 8000, or 28000 mg/ m 3 (462, 2640, or 9240 ppm), 8 hours/day for 3 consecutive days, and then evaluated for effects on performance using a visual discrimination task in a functional observation test battery, and for effects on motor activity. The only significant effect was an increase in errors and in long ( 6 s) response times.…”

Section: Acute Neurological Effects In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The potential for cyclohexane to cause acute CNS effects in humans was investigated by Lammers et al (2009). Volunteers were exposed to cyclohexane vapors at 86 mg/m 3 or 860 mg/ m 3 (28 or 280 ppm) for 4 h. Neurobehavioral testing was conducted 90 min before exposure, 45 min and 165 min after the start of exposure, and 90 min after exposure, using a computerized neurobehavioral test battery.…”

Section: Acute Neurological Effects In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions derived from petroleum processing streams, containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms, with carbon numbers ranging from approximately C5-C20 and boiling between approximately 35-370°C. Many of the hydrocarbon solvents have complex and variable compositions with constituents of 4 types, alkanes (normal paraffins, isoparaffins, and cycloparaffins) and aromatics (primarily alkylated one-and tworing species). Because of the compositional complexity, hydrocarbon solvents are now identified by a nomenclature ("the naming convention") that describes them in terms of physical/ chemical properties and compositional elements. Despite the compositional complexity, most hydrocarbon solvent constituents have similar toxicological properties, and the overall toxicological hazards can be characterized in generic terms. To facilitate hazard characterization, the solvents were divided into 9 groups (categories) of substances with similar physical and chemical properties. Hydrocarbon solvents can cause chemical pneumonitis if aspirated into the lung, and those that are volatile can cause acute CNS effects and/or ocular and respiratory irritation at exposure levels exceeding occupational recommendations. Otherwise, there are few toxicologically important effects. The exceptions, n-hexane and naphthalene, have unique toxicological properties, and those solvents containing constituents for which classification is required under the Globally Harmonized System (GHS) are differentiated by the substance names. Toxicological information from studies of representative substances was used to fulfill REACH registration requirements and to satisfy the needs of the OECD High Production Volume (HPV) initiative. As shown in the examples provided, the hazard characterization data can be used for hazard classification and for occupational exposure limit recommendations. Introduction Scope and purpose of the documentThe present document summarizes information on the physical/ chemical properties and toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents and provides examples of the ways in which the information on hazard characterization can be used for hazard classification and to set occupational exposure limits. Many of the toxicological studies were published separately, but the results are summarized herein and referenced in the appendices.Hydrocarbon solvents are liquid hydrocarbon fractions that are primarily produced by the distillation of petroleum feed stocks or their synthetic analogs (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch derived materials), sometimes followed by additional processing steps such as solvent extraction, hydrodesulfurization, or hydrogenation. 1 Most hydrocarbon solvents are complex substances with variable compositions and are best described as UVCB 2 (unknown and variable composition) substances, but some are single constituent (mono-constituent) substances. The complex and variable nature of these solvents is the consequence of their manufacturing processes. In short, most hydroca...

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Section: Acute Neurological Effects In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acute Neurological Effects In Humansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of the toxicological hazards of hydrocarbon solvents

McKee

Adenuga

Carrillo

2015

Critical Reviews in Toxicology

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“…Cyclohexane is a volatile substance that has been implicated in cognitive deterioration (Bespalov et al, 2003 ; Lammers et al, 2009 ). Initially, cyclohexane was considered a safe substitute for benzene and toluene because of its lack of carcinogenic effects and low toxicity (Sikkema et al, 1995 ; Yuasa et al, 1996 ).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a 6-h exposure to low levels of this solvent, subjects develop dimmed vision (Yasugi et al, 1994 ), sleepiness, dizziness, limb weakness, sensorial disturbances (hypoesthesia and paresthesia), and motor dysfunction of the median, ulnar and peroneal nerves (Mutti et al, 1982 ; Yuasa et al, 1996 ). Volunteers exposed to a moderate concentration of cyclohexane (250 ppm) reported a higher incidence of headache, dry throat and verbal memory impairment than subjects exposed to very low concentrations of the compound (25 ppm; Lammers et al, 2009 ). In this study by Lammers et al ( 2009 ), the cyclohexane concentrations corresponded to typical occupational exposure levels.…”

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confidence: 99%

Cyclohexane, a Potential Drug of Abuse with Pernicious Effects on the Brain

Campos-Ordoñez

González-Pérez

2016

Front. Pharmacol.

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Cyclohexane is a volatile solvent used as a harmless substitute for dangerous organic solvents in several products, such as paint thinners, gasoline and adhesives. Many of these products are used as drugs of abuse and can severely damage neural tissue and impair neurological functions. However, there is very little information on the effects of cyclohexane on the brain. In humans, cyclohexane produces headaches, sleepiness, dizziness, limb weakness, motor changes, and verbal memory impairment. Recent studies in mice have demonstrated behavioral alterations, reactive gliosis, microglial reactivity, and oxidative stress in the brains of cyclohexane-exposed animals. This indicates that cyclohexane may represent a potential problem for public health. Therefore, studies are needed to clarify the neurobiological effects of this volatile compound, including the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurotoxicity, and to minimize the human health risk posed by the intentional or accidental inhalation of this potential drug of abuse.

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“…It causes depression of the central nervous system and has narcotic effects at high levels of exposure 1,2) . Lammers et al 3) investigated the neurobehavioral effects of inhaled CH in rats and humans. In rats exposed for 8 hours/day for 3 consecutive days at 28,000 mg/m 3 (8,000 ppm), there were slight reductions in psychomotor speed but minimal central nervous system effects.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%