Neurochemical Individuality

Cravchik, Anibal; Goldman, David

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.12.1105

Cited by 89 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 104 publications

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“…Exemplars include variations in aspects of the major neurotransmitter systems (i.e., dopamine, serotonin) (Cravchik and Goldman, 2000). …”

Section: Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations In Otr Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin

MacDonald¹

2013

Front. Neurosci.

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As discussed in the larger review in this special issue (MacDonald and Feifel), intranasal oxytocin (OT) is demonstrating a growing potential as a therapeutic agent in psychiatry. Importantly, research suggests that a variety of individual factors may influence a person’s response to OT. In this mini-review, I provide a review of three: (1) sex and hormonal status; (2) genetic variation in aspects of the OT system (i.e., OT receptors); and (3) attachment history. Each of these factors will be important to monitor as we strive to develop a richer understanding of OT’s role in human development, brain-based disease, and the potential for individualized, OT-targeted treatments.

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“…Exemplars include variations in aspects of the major neurotransmitter systems (i.e., dopamine, serotonin) (Cravchik and Goldman, 2000). …”

Section: Neuropeptidergic Individuality: Genetic Variations In Otr Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin

MacDonald¹

2013

Front. Neurosci.

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“…Unlike the other twelve 5-HT receptors that are G protein coupled receptors7, 5-HT3 receptors are pentameric, ligand-gated ion channels that, when bound to 5-HT, produce fast activation of neurons, including in the mesolimbic reward circuitry 8,9. 5-HT3 receptors share structural and functional homology with GABA A , nicotinic acetylcholine and glycine receptors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional genetic variants that increase synaptic serotonin and 5-HT3 receptor sensitivity predict alcohol and drug dependence

et al. 2010

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The 5-HT3 receptor is rapidly potentiated by ethanol and mediates fast excitatory 5-HT transmission that modulates dopamine release in the reward circuitry. The 5-HT transporter regulates synaptic 5-HT availability. Functional polymorphisms in genes encoding the transporter and receptor may therefore influence addiction vulnerability. In this study, 360 treatment-seeking African American male patients with single and comorbid DSM-IV lifetime diagnoses of alcohol, cocaine and heroin dependence and 187 African American male controls were genotyped for the triallelic 5-HTTLPR functional polymorphism in the 5-HT transporter gene (SLC6A4) and 16 haplotype-tagging SNPs across HTR3B (including the functional rs1176744 Tyr129Ser) and HTR3A, genes encoding 5-HT3 receptors. The HTR3B rs1176744 gain of function Ser129 allele predicted alcohol dependence (p = 0.002) and low 5-HTTLPR activity predicted cocaine/heroin dependence (p = 0.01). Both the HTR3B Ser129 allele (p = 0.014, OR = 1.7 [1.1-2.6]) and low 5-HTTLPR activity (p = 0.011, OR = 2.5 [1.3-4.6]) were more common in men with alcohol + drug dependence compared with controls. Moreover, the HTR3B Ser129 allele and low 5-HTTLPR activity had an additive (but not an interactive) effect on alcohol + drug dependence (OR = 6.0 [2.1-16.6]) that accounted for 13% of the variance. One possible explanation of our findings is that increased synaptic 5-HT coupled with increased 5-HT3 receptor responsiveness may result in enhanced dopamine transmission in the reward pathway, a predictor of increased risk for addiction. Our results may have pharmacogenetic implications for 5-HT3 therapeutic antagonists such as ondansetron.Users may view, print, copy, download and text and data-mine the content in such documents, for the purposes of academic research, subject always to the full Conditions of use:

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“…(See also, Judge et al 1999;Mendiburo-Seguel et al 2015). Miller argues the Big Five contradicts virtue theory because those personality traits implied by the data are relatively fixed, tied to our genetic makeup, and variations in traits are produced as a result of natural selection (Nettle 2006;Cravchik and Goldman 2000), hence, such traits are not suitable for our ethical evaluation as virtue theorist assume (Miller 2014). While settling this ongoing debate is beyond the purview of this paper, even if we are born with natural temperaments, based on such temperaments, the actual behaviours are up to us.…”

Section: Self-determination Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Situationism, virtue epistemology, and self-determination theory

Iizuka

2018

Synthese

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Situationists (e.g., Doris in Lack of character: personality and moral behavior, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2002; Harman in Proc Aristot Soc 99:315-331, 1999. https://doi.org/10.2307/4545312), with reference to empirical work in psychology, have called into question the predictive and explanatory power of character traits and on this basis have criticized the empirical adequacy of moral virtue. More recently, Alfano (Philos Q 62(247):223-249, 2012; Character as moral fiction, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2013) has extended the situationist critique from virtue ethics to virtue epistemology. On the line he advances, virtue responsibilism-the view that intellectual character traits play an important part in traditional and untraditional epistemological inquiries-is criticized as empirically inadequate in light of the extent to which individuals are shown to be susceptible to seemingly trivial and epistemically irrelevant situational influences. Alfano's attempted redeployment of the situationist challenge to virtue responsibilism is on closer inspection not as straightforward as he claims. It is granted that the empirical adequacy of virtue responsibilism will be eventually threatened if it can be shown that virtuous motivation is, in light of situational factors, causally ineffective. As it turns out, various psychological studies which situationists have overlooked, suggest that virtuous motivation is causally efficacious in a way that favours the position of the virtue responsibilist over the situationist. In the first part of this paper, I outline the hard core of virtue theory: both a rich motivation requirement, and a commitment to the inherent relation between virtue and a good life; then I assess whether these are undermined by situationist criticism. I address the confusion of the existing debate, and the conclusion drawn is that virtue theory ultimately remains unscathed. In the second part of my 123Synthese paper I defend the empirical adequacy of virtue theory based on self-determination theory. When we afford closer attention to studies on the orientation of our motivation, it becomes clear how the dynamics of our motivation have a tremendous influence on desirable behavioural outcomes: a good life.

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Neurochemical Individuality

Cited by 89 publications

References 104 publications

Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin

Sex, Receptors, and Attachment: A Review of Individual Factors Influencing Response to Oxytocin

Functional genetic variants that increase synaptic serotonin and 5-HT3 receptor sensitivity predict alcohol and drug dependence

Situationism, virtue epistemology, and self-determination theory

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