Neurocognitive dysfunction in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Mothobi, Nomvuyo; Brew, Bruce J.

doi:10.1097/qco.0b013e32834ef586

Cited by 108 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…However, the less severe form, namely minor neurocognitive motor disorder (MCMD), remains to be a significant problem [39,40]. Despite antiretroviral effects, the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) drugs has been associated with the development of several adverse events, such as increased cardiovascular risk [41], hepatotoxicity [42], and renal toxicity [43].…”

Section: Autophagy and Hiv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse

et al. 2016

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Autophagy is a highly regulated process in which excessive cytoplasmic materials are captured and degraded during deprivation conditions. The unique nature of autophagy that clears invasive microorganisms has made it an important cellular defense mechanism in a variety of clinical situations. In recent years, it has become increasingly clear that autophagy is extensively involved in the pathology of HIV-1. To ensure survival of the virus, HIV-1 viral proteins modulate and utilize autophagy pathway so that biosynthesis of the virus is maximized. At the same time, the abuse of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine, cocaine, morphine, and alcohol is thought to be a significant risk factor for the acquirement and progression of HIV-1. During drug-induced toxicity, autophagic activity has been proved to be altered in various cell types. Here we review the current literature on the interaction between autophagy, HIV-1, and drug abuse, and discuss the complex role of autophagy during HIV-1 pathogenesis in co-exposure to illicit drugs.

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Section: Autophagy and Hiv-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse

et al. 2016

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“…1 Antiretroviral treatment (ART) dramatically decreases mortality 2 but is expensive and inconvenient, and HIV-infected people still have an increased risk of malignancies, 3 cardiovascular 4 and neurologic 5 disease, and shortened life expectancy. 6 Therefore, a cure for HIV remains an important treatment goal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Engineering HIV-Resistant, Anti-HIV Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells

Hale¹,

Mesojednik

Ibarra³

et al. 2017

Molecular Therapy

147

154

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“…HIV enfeksiyonu tedavisinde sağlanan başarı sayesinde enfekte bireylerin daha uzun süre yaşaması mümkün olmuştur. Öte yandan, yaşam süresindeki artış, HIV'in santral sinir sistemindeki etkilerinin (nöro-AIDS) belirgin hale gelmesine de yol açmaktadır [15,16] . Nöro-AIDS gelişimi, enfekte kişilerde madde kullanımını daha da artırabilmektedir.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Recreational Drugs and Antiretrovirals: Is It Worth the World or Trivial?

Kara¹,

İnkaya²,

Demirkan³

et al. 2018

mjima

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According to the World Health Organization, 1 out of 200 people in the world was living with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) in 2015 and four new HIV infections occurred each minute. A relationship between HIV infection and recreational drug use was evident from the very beginning of the HIV epidemic. Recreational drug use is more common in patients living with HIV/AIDS compared to others. Needle-sharing activities, psychological and cognitive consequences of the abused substances facilitate new infections. It is assumed that 1.650.000 individuals were infected with HIV out of 12.190.000 intravenous drug users in 158 countries in 2013. Cytochrome isoenzymes (i.e. CYP3A4, CYP2D6) are responsible from metabolism of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitors, integrase inhibitors and chemokine receptor 5 inhibitors as well as recreational drugs. Recreational and antiretroviral drugs (ARV) may share the same metabolic pathways resulting in drug interactions. Drug interactions may occur because of pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties of the drugs. Induction of CYP3A4 (due to cocaine, tobacco, chronic alcohol use, etc.) may lead to decreased antiretroviral treatment (ART) effectiveness and increased risk of metabolites-related toxicity, however, inhibition of CYP3A4 (due to marijuana, acute alcohol use, etc.) may lead to increased side effects and drug toxicity. The feeling of moving away from reality and reduction of social pressure associated with recreational drugs mean all the world to the user. However, drug interaction risk makes it challenging for the physicians, when it is time for the selection of ARV. Therefore, physicians' awareness on Abstract Özİnsan immün yetmezlik virüsü ["Human immunodeficiency virus" (HIV)]/Edinsel immün yetmezlik sendromu ["Acquired immune deficiency syndrome" (AIDS)] ile yaşayan insan sayısı, 2015 yılı Dünya Sağlık Örgütü verilerine göre, dünya üzerinde yaşayan tüm insanların yaklaşık 1/200'ini oluşturmaktadır ve her dakika yaklaşık dört kişi HIV ile enfekte olmaktadır. İnsan immün yetmezlik virüsü/Edinsel immün yetmezlik sendromu salgını ilk ortaya çıktığı zamandan itibaren keyif verici madde kullanıcıları ile salgın arasında bir ilişki olduğu fark edilmiştir. Keyif verici maddelerin kullanımı HIV/AIDS ile yaşayan bireylerde genel nüfusa oranla daha fazla görülmektedir. Bu ilişkide enjektörlerin paylaşılması, kullanılan maddelerin neden olduğu psikolojik ve bilişsel durumun etkisi gibi faktörler rol oynamakta ve bulaşı kolaylaştırmaktadır. Tahminlere göre 2013 yılında 158 ülkede 12 milyon 190 bin damar içi madde kullanıcısı bulunmaktadır ve bu kişilerin yaklaşık 1.650.000'i HIV ile enfektedir. Sitokrom izoenzimleri (örneğin; CYP3A4, CYP2D6) antiretroviral tedavide (ART) kullanılan ilaçlardan non-nükleozit revers transkriptaz inhibitörleri, proteaz inhibitörleri, integraz inhibitörleri ve kemokin reseptör tip 5 inhibitörlerinin ve aynı zamanda keyif verici maddelerin metabolizasyonundan...

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Neurocognitive dysfunction in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era

Cited by 108 publications

References 24 publications

Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse

Role of Autophagy in HIV Pathogenesis and Drug Abuse

Engineering HIV-Resistant, Anti-HIV Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells

Recreational Drugs and Antiretrovirals: Is It Worth the World or Trivial?

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