In recent years, intensive development of new bio medical technologies has been progressing and achievements in basic sciences and the principles of evidence based and personalized medicine have been introduced actively into clinical medicine [1][2][3][4][5]. Var ious subdisciplines of neuroscience-molecular and cellular neurobiology, neurogenetics, and neurophysi ology-have been rapidly developing, significantly enriching clinical neurosciences, primarily, neurology and neurosurgery [6][7][8][9][10]. In turn, neuroscience has stimulated original technological solutions in neurovi sualization, making possible the intravital study of brain anatomy and the structure of the pathways of interrelations between blood circulation, metabolism, and functional activity under normal and pathological conditions [11,12].Today, neurosurgery as a clinical specialty and a field of neuroscience, which includes the study of basic problems of vital activities of the brain, covers a wide range of socially relevant pathologies of the ner vous system. These are primarily vascular pathology, neurocarcinology, neurotrauma, neurodegenerative diseases, congenital pathology, epilepsy, and hydro cephaly. Neurosurgery has obtained new data about brain functional anatomy, such as individual features of cortical and subcortical interrelations responsible for maintaining consciousness and higher psychical functions, and has discovered the multivariate repre sentation of speech functions, memory, and sensorim otor acts [2,13]. It studies the mechanisms of brain plasticity and the restructuring of functional interrela tions during both acute and chronic diseases [14][15][16][17][18].Introduction of high tech methods into diagnostics and treatment. The successful development of neuro surgery in the past decades has become possible thanks to the appearance of methods of X ray and magnetic resonance tomography (MRT), positron emission and single photon emission computer tomography (PET, SPECT), ultrasound dopplerography (USDG), and navigation systems, as well as thanks to the con stant improvement of microscopes, endoscopes, and instruments for endovascular surgery, high precision radiosurgery, and radiotherapy. Computer aided sur gery modeling methods; additive technologies in reconstructive neurosurgery; and new approaches to prosthetics, recovery, and modulation of impaired brain functions using brain-computer interface tech nologies, as well as robotized systems and devices, have been developed further [2,16,[19][20][21][22][23]].On the Rostrum of the RAS Presidium Neurosurgery, a relatively young and very complex area of medical practice, has reached incredible successes over the 100 years of its development as an independent trend largely due to the integration of research achieve ments and the improvement of medical equipment and surgical methods. At the same time, neurosurgery itself has always been a source of basic knowledge on the nervous system, not only drawing information from areas such as genetics, biochemistry, and physiology but al...