Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury

Weidner, Norbert; Rupp, Rüdiger; Tansey, Keith E.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46293-6

Cited by 16 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Motor function is the main critical task mediated by the spinal cord, and any injury to it leads to alteration in motor ability below the level of injury. In general, the higher in the spinal cord an injury occurs, the more function, sensation, and internal body functions will be affected (Dietz & Fouad, 2014;Thietje & Hirschfeld, Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas / 220 2017). In the present study, the BBB score in the sham group stayed at ~20 points which was the highest among these groups.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This observation indicates the LIN has a significant neuroprotective effect against SCI. Studies have shown excessive release of free radicals generates oxidative stress following SCI (Ali & Whitmore, 2016;Thietje & Hirschfeld, 2017;Kang et al, 2018). Oxidative stress is a phenomena where body is unable to clear-off the generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to impaired endogenous anti-oxidant defense system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These radicals target postsynaptic neurons and activate adjacent astrocytes and microglial cells, resulting in ionic unbalance of nerve cells. The oxidative stress causes lipid peroxidation in the injured neuronal tissues and leads to excitatory toxicity (Winkler et al, 2013;Dietz & Fouad, 2014;Ali & Whitmore, 2016;Thietje & Hirschfeld, 2017;Kang et al, 2018). This could extend the degeneration period of the substantia alba medullae spinalis and accelerate the apoptosis of oligodendroglia cells (Dong et al, 2003).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuro-protective effect of Linalool against spinal cord injury in rats and the mechanism involved

Zhang¹,

Sun²,

Li³

et al. 2023

BLACPMA

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The current study was conducted to determine the neuroprotective role and mechanism of action of Linalool (LIN) in SCI. The SCI in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats was induced by weight-drop contusion model. Results of the suggested that LIN showed improvement in the locomotor function of SCI rats in a BBB scoring analysis. It was found in agreement with histopathological analysis of spinal cord tissue where LIN improves the neuronal architecture of spinal cord tissues, and protect neurons from degeneration. It also reduces oxidative stress via modulating endogenous antioxidants (MDA, SOD, and GSH) and inhibits the generation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6). In western blot analysis, LIN showed dose-dependent reduction of expression of toll-like receptor (TLR-4) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB). Our study demonstrated that administration of Linalool alleviated spinal cord injury via anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities in spinal cord tissues possibly due to inhibition of TLR4/NF-κB activation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neuro-protective effect of Linalool against spinal cord injury in rats and the mechanism involved

Zhang¹,

Sun²,

Li³

et al. 2023

BLACPMA

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“…Beyond the loss of sensorimotor function, spinal cord injury (SCI) entails numerous immediate and indirect debilitating consequences, such as spasticity and central neuropathic pain ( Weidner et al, 2017 ). Indeed, most of the individuals with SCI develop at least one of these complications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Noxious radiant heat evokes bi-component nociceptive withdrawal reflexes in spinal cord injured humans—A clinical tool to study neuroplastic changes of spinal neural circuits

Franz

Heutehaus

Tappe‐Theodor

et al. 2023

Front. Hum. Neurosci.

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Investigating nocifensive withdrawal reflexes as potential surrogate marker for the spinal excitation level may widen the understanding of maladaptive nociceptive processing after spinal cord injury (SCI). The aim of this prospective, explorative cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the response behavior of individuals with SCI to noxious radiant heat (laser) stimuli and to assess its relation to spasticity and neuropathic pain, two clinical consequences of spinal hyperexcitability/spinal disinhibition. Laser stimuli were applied at the sole and dorsum of the foot and below the fibula head. Corresponding reflexes were electromyography (EMG) recorded ipsilateral. Motor responses to laser stimuli were analyzed and related to clinical readouts (severity of injury/spasticity/pain), using established clinical assessment tools. Twenty-seven participants, 15 with SCI (age 18–63; 6.5 years post-injury; AIS-A through D) and 12 non-disabled controls, [non-disabled controls (NDC); age 19–63] were included. The percentage of individuals with SCI responding to stimuli (70–77%; p < 0.001), their response rates (16–21%; p < 0.05) and their reflex magnitude (p < 0.05) were significantly higher compared to NDC. SCI-related reflexes clustered in two time-windows, indicating involvement of both A-delta- and C-fibers. Spasticity was associated with facilitated reflexes in SCI (Kendall-tau-b p ≤ 0.05) and inversely associated with the occurrence/severity of neuropathic pain (Fisher’s exact p < 0.05; Eta-coefficient p < 0.05). However, neuropathic pain was not related to reflex behavior. Altogether, we found a bi-component motor hyperresponsiveness of SCI to noxious heat, which correlated with spasticity, but not neuropathic pain. Laser-evoked withdrawal reflexes may become a suitable outcome parameter to explore maladaptive spinal circuitries in SCI and to assess the effect of targeted treatment strategies. Registration: https://drks.de/search/de/trial/DRKS00006779.

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Progress in the Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Animal Populations: Meta-Analysis and Review

Ramotowski

Villa‐Diaz

2019

Stem Cells Translational Medicine

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Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells genetically reprogrammed from somatic cells, which can be differentiated into neurological lineages with the aim to replace or assist damaged neurons in the treatment of spinal cord injuries (SCIs) caused by physical trauma. Here, we review studies addressing the functional use of iPSC‐derived neural cells in SCIs and perform a meta‐analysis to determine if significant motor improvement is restored after treatment with iPSC‐derived neural cells compared with treatments using embryonic stem cell (ESC)‐derived counterpart cells and control treatments. Overall, based on locomotion scales in rodents and monkeys, our meta‐analysis indicates a therapeutic benefit for SCI treatment using neural cells derived from either iPSCs or ESCs, being this of importance due to existing ethical and immunological complications using ESCs. Results from these studies are evidence of the successes and limitations of iPSC‐derived neural cells in the recovery of motor capacity. stem cells translational medicine 2019;8:681&693

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Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 16 publications

References 60 publications

Neuro-protective effect of Linalool against spinal cord injury in rats and the mechanism involved

Neuro-protective effect of Linalool against spinal cord injury in rats and the mechanism involved

Noxious radiant heat evokes bi-component nociceptive withdrawal reflexes in spinal cord injured humans—A clinical tool to study neuroplastic changes of spinal neural circuits

Progress in the Use of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neural Cells for Traumatic Spinal Cord Injuries in Animal Populations: Meta-Analysis and Review

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