Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2

Wan, Dandan; Du, Tingfu; Hong, Weiqi; Chen, Li; Que, Haiying; Lu, Shuaiyao; Peng, Xiaozhong

doi:10.1038/s41392-021-00818-7

Cited by 99 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 327 publications

(343 reference statements)

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“…Scientific and clinical evidence suggested that COVID-19 can affect multiple organ systems ( 2 ). SARS-CoV-2 can also invade the central and peripheral nervous system to cause various neurological diseases ( 3 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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A growing body of evidence suggests that patients with the 2019 Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have a risk of developing sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL). The pathogenesis of COVID-19-related SSNHL remains unclear. This systematic review examined whether COVID-19 causes an increased incidence of SSNHL and the clinical characteristics of patients with COVID-19-related SSNHL according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. SSNHL usually developed between a few days and 2 months after the diagnosis of COVID-19, and a proportion of patients developed it before the diagnosis of COVID-19. The literature is inconsistent regarding whether COVID-19 causes an increased incidence of SSNHL, and this matter remains unclear. This review included 23 patients with COVID-19-related SSNHL, all adult patients with an average age of 43.1 years. Of these patients, 60.9% had accompanying tinnitus symptoms. Glucocorticoids are the preferred medication to treat COVID-19-related SSNHL. Intratympanic administration may be considered to reduce the side effects of the drug. Hearing tests are suggested when hearing loss is suspected in COVID-19 individuals, and if SSNHL is detected, prompt and aggressive treatment is vital. Large-scale, multicenter research on the pathophysiology, treatment, and prognosis of COVID-19- related SSNHL should be conducted in the future.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

et al. 2022

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“…Probably, changes in nervous system are caused by an impaired inflammatory reaction. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into the CNS is possible by ACE-2, neuropilin-1 (NRP-1), and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) receptors that are expressed in olfactory epithelium of the nasal cavity and on the brain cells [ 44 , 45 ]. SARS-CoV-2, due to impairment of physiological cellular mechanisms and excessive activity of various cytokines and chemokines, attacks immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, and T cells at the site of inflammation.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

What Is Currently Known about the Role of CXCL10 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Gudowska-Sawczuk

Mroczko

2022

IJMS

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Dysregulation of the immune response plays an important role in the progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection. A “cytokine storm”, which is a phenomenon associated with uncontrolled production of large amounts of cytokines, very often affects patients with COVID-19. Elevated activity of chemotactic cytokines, called chemokines, can lead to serious consequences. CXCL10 has an ability to activate its receptor CXCR3, predominantly expressed on macrophages, T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, natural killer cells, and B cells. So, it has been suggested that the chemokine CXCL10, through CXCR3, is associated with inflammatory diseases and may be involved in the development of COVID-19. Therefore, in this review paper, we focus on the role of CXCL10 overactivity in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. We performed an extensive literature search for our investigation using the MEDLINE/PubMed database. Increased concentrations of CXCL10 were observed in COVID-19. Elevated levels of CXCL10 were reported to be associated with a severe course and disease progression. Published studies revealed that CXCL10 may be a very good predictive biomarker of patient outcome in COVID-19, and that markedly elevated CXCL10 levels are connected with ARDS and neurological complications. It has been observed that an effective treatment for SARS-CoV-2 leads to inhibition of “cytokine storm”, as well as reduction of CXCL10 concentrations. It seems that modulation of the CXCL10–CXCR3 axis may be an effective therapeutic target of COVID-19. This review describes the potential role of CXCL10 in the pathogenesis of COVID-19, as well as its potential immune–therapeutic significance. However, future studies should aim to confirm the prognostic, clinical, and therapeutic role of CXCL10 in SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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“…Psychosis developed in ten patients who had changed mental states [117] . In a recent paper, Wan et al explain typical signs of neurological dysfunctions linked with SARS-CoV-2, including encephalopathy, aphasia, meningitis, prosopoplegia, encephalitis, sensory loss, GBS, dysarthria, skeletal, muscular symptoms, and acute confusion [118] .…”

Section: Complexities Of Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

A critical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complexities, emerging variants, and therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies

Noreen

Zhang

et al. 2022

Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy

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Coronavirus is a family of viruses that can cause diseases such as the common cold, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). The universal outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by SARS coronaviruses 2 (SARS-Cov-2) has become a global pandemic. The β-Coronaviruses, which caused SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), have spread in more than 213 countries, infected over 81 million people, and caused more than 1.79 million deaths. COVID-19 symptoms vary from mild fever, flu to severe pneumonia in severely ill patients. Difficult breathing, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), acute kidney disease, liver damage, and multi-organ failure ultimately lead to death. Researchers are working on different pre-clinical and clinical trials to prevent this deadly pandemic by developing new vaccines. Along with vaccines, therapeutic intervention is an integral part of healthcare response to address the ongoing threat posed by COVID-19. Despite the global efforts to understand and fight against COVID-19, many challenges need to be addressed. This article summarizes the current pandemic, different strains of SARS-CoV-2, etiology, complexities, surviving medications of COVID-19, and so far, vaccination for the treatment of COVID-19.

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Neurological complications and infection mechanism of SARS-CoV-2

Cited by 99 publications

References 327 publications

COVID-19 and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

COVID-19 and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Systematic Review

What Is Currently Known about the Role of CXCL10 in SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

A critical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) complexities, emerging variants, and therapeutic interventions and vaccination strategies

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