Neuronal and Glial Somal Size in the Prefrontal Cortex

Rajkowska, Grażyna; Selemon, Lynn D.; Goldman‐Rakic, Patricia S.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.215

Cited by 484 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The sharp increase in HVC neuronal density within 12 h of T withdrawal suggests that there is substantial degeneration of dendritic and/or axonal processes. In patients afflicted with schizophrenia, neuropil degeneration is correlated with an increase in neuronal density and decrease in somatic area (54)(55)(56) and is regulated by apoptotic mechanisms (57). Neuropil degeneration can occur quickly; dendrites of dentate gyrus neurons show signs of degeneration within hours of status epilepticus (58), and deafferentation leads to rapid atrophy of dendritic arbors within hours (59)(60)(61)(62).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid seasonal-like regression of the adult avian song control system

Thompson

Bentley²,

Brenowitz

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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We analyzed how rapidly avian song control nuclei regress after testosterone (T) withdrawal. Regression of neuronal attributes resulting from T withdrawal has been observed in several animal models. The time course over which regression occurs is not known, however. To address this issue, we castrated adult male white-crowned sparrows and rapidly shifted them to short-day photoperiods after being held under breeding conditions (longday photoperiod and systemic T exposure) for 3 weeks. We found that the volume of one song nucleus, HVC, regressed 22% within 12 h after T withdrawal. Changes in HVC neuron density after T withdrawal were dynamic; density increased at 12 h and then decreased by 4 days. HVC neuron number was reduced by 26% by 4 days. The volumes of Area X and the robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) were significantly regressed by 7 and 20 days, respectively. RA somatic area and neuronal spacing were significantly reduced by 2 days. The rapidity of HVC regression is unprecedented among vertebrate models of hormone-sensitive neural circuits. These results reveal that the rapid regression of the song control system provides a model for the important role sex steroid hormones play in mediating adult neural plasticity and in neuroprotection.birdsong ͉ neurodegeneration ͉ neuroprotection ͉ plasticity ͉ testosterone

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid seasonal-like regression of the adult avian song control system

Thompson

Bentley²,

Brenowitz

2007

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

101

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“…A previous study based on human post mortem tissue indicated that the somas of neuronal cells are 4.7-22.4 lm in diameter, while the somas of glial cells are only 2.6-8.7 lm in diameter. 29 Although there is a size overlap (4.7-8.7 lm) between these two kinds of cells, there is a significant difference in size between neurons and glial cells, so by selecting a suitable flow condition, neuronal cells experience a dominant secondary flow drag and can be focused at the centre of the serpentine channel. Moreover, glial cells simultaneously experience a dominant inertial lift force and focus at the two sidewalls, and therefore neurons and glial cells can be separated efficiently by collecting the corresponding particle streams, as shown schematically in Fig.…”

Section: B Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

A label-free and high-throughput separation of neuron and glial cells using an inertial microfluidic platform

et al. 2016

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While neurons and glial cells both play significant roles in the development and therapy of schizophrenia, their specific contributions are difficult to differentiate because the methods used to separate neurons and glial cells are ineffective and inefficient. In this study, we reported a high-throughput microfluidic platform based on the inertial microfluidic technique to rapidly and continuously separate neurons and glial cells from dissected brain tissues. The optimal working condition for an inertial biochip was investigated and evaluated by measuring its separation under different flow rates. Purified and enriched neurons in a primary neuron culture were verified by confocal immunofluorescence imaging, and neurons performed neurite growth after separation, indicating the feasibility and biocompatibility of an inertial separation. Phencyclidine disturbed the neuroplasticity and neuron metabolism in the separated and the unseparated neurons, with no significant difference. Apart from isolating the neurons, purified and enriched viable glial cells were collected simultaneously. This work demonstrates that an inertial microchip can provide a label-free, high throughput, and harmless tool to separate neurological primary cells. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

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“…[1][2][3] Complementary functional brain imaging studies indicate impaired connectivity between the frontal lobe and other brain regions in both disorders. 4 At the cellular and molecular level, postmortem histopathologic studies of the frontal lobe in schizophrenia demonstrated reduced neuronal size, 5 decreased density of dendritic spines, 6,7 and altered synaptic protein immunoreactivity or mRNA levels. [8][9][10][11] These observations suggest that abnormal synaptic connectivities are involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Altered immunoreactivity of complexin protein in prefrontal cortex in severe mental illness

et al. 2002

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Recent imaging and postmortem studies suggest that impaired connectivity is involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and major affective disorders. We investigated the presynaptic proteins complexin (Cx) I and Cx II in postmortem prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia (n = 13; six suicide, seven nonsuicide), major depression (n = 11, all suicide) and controls (n = 11) with an enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay (ELISA). Overall analysis indicated a significant difference between groups (F = 3.93, P = 0.007). Cx I (enriched in inhibitory terminals) was decreased 33% in schizophrenia (26% in schizophrenia/nonsuicide, 42% in schizophrenia/suicide) and 27% in major depression. Cx II (enriched in excitatory terminals) was not significantly different. Analysis of the ratio of Cx II/Cx I was carried out as an indication of the balance of excitatory to inhibitory terminals. A significant difference between groups (ANOVA, F = 6.42, P = 0.005) was observed. The mean value of Cx II/Cx I was significantly increased by 34% in schizophrenia (26% in schizophrenia/nonsuicide and 43% in schizophrenia/suicide) and by 32% in depression compared with control (Student-NewmanKeuls test, P = 0.05). Immunoreactivities of the two complexins were highly correlated in all groups. However, compared with controls and depression, samples from cases with schizophrenia appeared to have relatively less Cx I for similar amounts of Cx II. Immunocytochemical studies of rat frontal cortex after 3 weeks treatment with chlorpromazine, trifluoperazine or haloperidol revealed no differences in complexins, synaptophysin, SNAP-25, syntaxin or VAMP in comparison with animals treated with vehicle. Alterations of complexins may contribute to the molecular substrate for abnormalities of neural connectivity in severe mental disorders.

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Neuronal and Glial Somal Size in the Prefrontal Cortex

Cited by 484 publications

References 33 publications

Rapid seasonal-like regression of the adult avian song control system

Rapid seasonal-like regression of the adult avian song control system

A label-free and high-throughput separation of neuron and glial cells using an inertial microfluidic platform

Altered immunoreactivity of complexin protein in prefrontal cortex in severe mental illness

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